Rigging Chronology

This is a basic rigging chronology that is currently under construction.

Date	Event	Image	Comment	Source
50,000 BC	Colonization of Australia		Archaeological finds	Bellwood 1979, 38-43.
11,000 BC	Sailing in the Mediterranean		Obsidian from Melos in SE Peloponnese Franchthi Cave	Cherry 1990, 193.
3500 c. BC	First depiction of a sail (square)		Egypt - Pot from the Gerzean period. Probably not Egyptian, as the ship has high prow and stern, looking more like Mesopotamian	Bass 1972, 12-13
3000 c. BC	Stone buildings and plank boats		Egypt	Casson 1994, 15
2500 c. BC	Rowing and tiller bar		Egypt	Casson 1994, 19
2450 c. BC	Seagoing ships with hogging trusses and bipod masts		Egypt - Relief in Sahure pyramid.	Casson 1994, 22
2000 c. BC	Low aspect sail		Egypt	Casson 1994, 36
1900 c. BC	Pole mast stepped amidships		Egypt	Casson 1994, 20
1500 c. BC	Seagoing ships with pole masts		Egypt - Hatshepsut tomb relief	Casson 1994, 24
1400 c. BC	Round ships. Sails still have booms.		Egypt - Painting in tomb in Thebes	Casson 1994, 37
1190 c. BC	Loose-footed square sail		Relief on the temple of Ramses III.	Casson 1994, 24
510 c. BC	Brails		Athenian cup in the British Museum	Casson 1994, 44-46
480 c. BC	Artemon mast	480BC_Casson46-38.jpg	Etruscan tomb in Tarquinia	Casson 1994, 44-46
400's BC	Large merchantmen: ten-thousenders		Greece	Casson 1994, 121
230 c. BC	Syracuse: three masts		Description by Atheneus	Casson 1994, 122
	Sails (leather): ships of the Veneti
100's	Lateen rig		Tombstone found in the Piraeus, now in Athens, dated to the 2nd century.	Casson 1994, 118
200 c.	Sprit rig		Tombstone, Istanbul	Casson 1994, 116
200 c.	Leather sail?		Relief in the Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Trier, Germany. Battens suggest a leather sail.	Casson 1994, 135
400 c.	Yassiada II Shipwreck
500 c.	Tantura A Shipwreck
510 c.	Square sail		Last representation of a square sail in the Mediterranean. Dated to 504-526. Church of Sant Apollinare Nuovo. Ravena.	Casson 1994
600-625	St. Gervais II Shipwreck
625 c	Yassiada I
sec IX	Two-masted lateener		Representation in Greek manuscript	Carbonell Relat s/d, 28
800 c.	Tantura F Shipwreck
850 c.	Sails (square) in Viking ships: Gokstad Ship			Casson 1994, 147
850 c.	Square sails in the Mediterranean?		Representations of a square sails in Carolingian manuscripts.	Haywood 1999, 180 and Cassagnes-Brouquet 2003, 28-29.(1)
874 c.	Bozburun Shipwreck
900 c.	Agay A Shipwreck
900 c.	Agay B Shipwreck
900 c.	Bateguier Shipwreck
115...	Central rudder: Kolerup cog
1025 c.	Serçe Limani Shipwreck
1150-1200	Central rudder: iconography		Relief Winchester Cathedral	Casson 1994, 153
			Earliest representation of a square sail in the Mediterranean after the 5th century. Church in Pec.	Bellabarba
	First mention of a caravel - Genoa			Ciciliot 2005
	Carracks with two masts		Alfonso X, Las siete partidas	Carbonell Relat s/d, 28
	FIRST COCCHE iconography?
1200's	three-masted lateener		"St. Mark approaching Egypt", mosaic, Basilica of St. Mark, Venice.	Casson 1964, 78
1226	Mention of a caravel in Portugal		Foral de Gaia?	Elb 1986, 546
1438	Caravels built for the king of Burgundy			Paviot 1989, 309
1300 c.	Contarina I Ship
1310-1350	Painting by Paolo Veneziano w/ skeleton first			Bash 1972, fig. 12
1300-1325	Culip VI Shipwreck
1336-1338	Quadra-latina		Painting "dal Buon Governo" by Ambrosio Lorenzetti, in the Pinacoteca di Siena.	Bellabarba 1999, 85
c. 1350	The word carrack appears in the North, referring to the cocche.			Friel 1995, 159
1353	Catalonian contract mentioning a quadra-latina			Friel 1995, 158
1367	Iconography of a quadra-latina			Friel 1995, 158
1300-1350	Bonnets			Friel 1995, 159
1350 c.	Les Sorres X shipwreck
1400	Flanders: coca with three rudders (1 central and 2 lateral ones)			Carbonell Relat s/d, 29
1400 c.	Logonovo Ship
1409	Foremast in Catalonian drawing: first representation of a three-masted, ship-rigged ship			Mott 1997, 146
1410	First quadra-latina in England: a Genoese carrack captured by pirates, Sancta Maria & Sancta Brigida			Friel 1995, 159
1416	Balinger Anne, built w/ two masts in England			Friel 1995, 159
1416-1418	Grace Dieu built (w/ 3 masts?)			Friel 1995, 159
	Carvel in England
1425	Northern ship with two masts		Salterio? Of Henry V of England
1425 c.	Portuguese three-masted ship		Deep plate, possibly made in Spain. Victoria and Albert Museum.	Landstrom
1435	Foremast in N. Europe			Friel 1995, 160
1441	Flanders: two Llenys with three rudders (1 central and 2 lateral ones)			Carbonell Relat s/d, 29
1450	Flanders: Caravel with three rudders (1 central and 2 lateral ones)			Carbonell Relat s/d, 29
1453	Flanders: Caravel with three rudders (1 central and 2 lateral ones)			Carbonell Relat s/d, 29
1459	Flanders: Caravel with three rudders (1 central and 2 lateral ones)			Carbonell Relat s/d, 29
1463	Flanders: one Barca with three rudders (1 central and 2 lateral ones)			Carbonell Relat s/d, 29
1465	Flanders: Lleny with three rudders (1 central and 2 lateral ones)			Carbonell Relat s/d, 29
1465 c.	Main Topmast		Italian engraving dated to 1470-1480.	Friel 1995, 160
1465 c.	Spritsail yard			Friel 1995, 160
1470 's, late	Bonaventure mast and outrigger			Friel 1995, 160
1475 c.	Stern panel in painting in Catalonia		Church of San Pedro de Zumaia	Casado Soto 1995, 40
1492	Columbus arrives in America
1495 c.	Foretopmast - Regent			Friel 1995, 170
1495 c	Main topgallant - Regent			Friel 1995, 170
1498	Vasco da Gama arrives in India
1500 c.	Gun ports			Bass 1972,
1510	Mary Rose built			Friel 1995, 170
1514 c.	Mizzen topmast		Henry Grace a Dieu	Friel 1995, 170
1514 c.	Mizzen topgallant		Henry Grace a Dieu	Friel 1995, 170
1514 c.	Bonaventure topmast		Henry Grace a Dieu	Friel 1995, 170
1550 c.	Contarina I ship
1600 c.	Mast on bowsprit

References

Created by

Original table created by Filipe Castro and Mark Polzer, 2007, Rigging Chronology, World Wide Web, URL, http://nautarch.tamu.edu/shiplab/, Nautical Archaeology Program, Texas A&M University. They state "(1) I am greatly indebted to Furio Ciciliot for showing me the original color image published by Haywood in Sophie Cassagnes-Brouquet's work."

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Bash, Lucien, "Ancient wrecks and archaeology of ships," International Journal of Underwater Archaeology (1972) 1.1:1-58.

Bass, George, A History of Seafaring based on Underwater Technology, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972.

Bellabarba, Sergio, "Note sull'origine della nave a tre alberi" in Archeologia delle Acque, Nucleo Archaeologia Subacquea del Veneto, (Jul-Dec 1999) 1.2.: 81-93.

Carbonell Relat, Laureano, "La navegacion pel mediterrani en el segle XV, epoca de la coca de Mataro" in Jose Maria Martinez-Hidalgo y Teran, Laureano Carbonell Relat, y Xavier Pastor Quijada, Evocaciones a l'entorn de la Coca de Mataro, Cambra Oficial de Comerc, Industria I Navegacio de Barcelona, s/d.

Casado-Soto, Jose Luis, El Pais Vasco y el mar. Desde los origines hasta el siglo XVIII, San Sebastian: Diputacion Foral de Guipuzkoa, Departamiento de Cultura y Turismo, 1995.

Cassagnes-Brouquet, Sophie, 2003, La passion du livre au Moyen Age, Rennes : Editions Ouest-France.

Casson, Lionel, Ships and seafaring in ancient times, Austin, Texas : Universisty of Texas Press, 1994.

Ciciliot, Furio, Le superbe navi. Cantieri e tipologie navali liguri medievali, Savona: Società Savonese di Storia Patria, 2005.

Elbl, Martin Malcolm, The Portuguese Caravel and European Shipbuilding: Phases of Development and Diversity, RUC, Coimbra: BGUC, 1985, vol. XXXIII, 543-572 (reed. Lisboa: CEHCA, 1985, sep. 183).

Friel, Ian, The Good Ship, Avon: British Museum Press, 1995.

Haywood, John, Dark Age Naval Power, Norfolk: Anglo-Saxon Books, 1999. Landstrom, Bjorn

Mott, Larry, The Development of the Rudder, College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1997.

Paviot, Jacques, La politique navale des ducs de Bourgogne, 1384-1482, Lille: Presses Universitaires de Lille, 1989.