Molasses Reef Shipwreck, Bahamas (c. 1510) - Revision history

Lindsey.Thomas at 16:04, 2 December 2010

2010-12-02T16:04:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:04, 2 December 2010
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	Keith, Donald Hart The Molasses Reef Wreck, Texas A&M Ph.D. Dissertation, College Station, 1987.		Keith, Donald Hart The Molasses Reef Wreck, Texas A&M Ph.D. Dissertation, College Station, 1987.
		+
	Keith, Donald H. "The Molasses Reef Wrecks Project" INA Newsletter (1989) 16.3: 4-9.		Keith, Donald H. "The Molasses Reef Wrecks Project" INA Newsletter (1989) 16.3: 4-9.
		+
	Keith, D.H., Duff, J.A., James, S.R., Oertling, T.J. & Simmons, J.J. “The Molasses Reef wreck, Turks and Caicos Islands, B.W.I.: A preliminary report” IJNA (1984) 13.1: 45-63.		Keith, D.H., Duff, J.A., James, S.R., Oertling, T.J. & Simmons, J.J. “The Molasses Reef wreck, Turks and Caicos Islands, B.W.I.: A preliminary report” IJNA (1984) 13.1: 45-63.
		+
	Keith, D.H. & Simmons, J.J. “An analysis of hull remains, ballast and artifact distribution of a sixteenth century shipwreck: Toward a better understanding of wrecking and reconstruction” JFA (1985) 12.4: 411-424.		Keith, D.H. & Simmons, J.J. “An analysis of hull remains, ballast and artifact distribution of a sixteenth century shipwreck: Toward a better understanding of wrecking and reconstruction” JFA (1985) 12.4: 411-424.
		+
	Lamb, William R., Keith, Donald H., Judy, Susan A. "Analysis of the ballast of the Molasses Reef wreck" National Geographic Research (1990) 6.3: 291-305.		Lamb, William R., Keith, Donald H., Judy, Susan A. "Analysis of the ballast of the Molasses Reef wreck" National Geographic Research (1990) 6.3: 291-305.
		+
	Oertling, Thomas J. "The Molasses Reef Wreck Hull Analysis: Final Report" IJNA (1989) 18.3: 229-243.		Oertling, Thomas J. "The Molasses Reef Wreck Hull Analysis: Final Report" IJNA (1989) 18.3: 229-243.

Lindsey.Thomas at 15:48, 2 December 2010

2010-12-02T15:48:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 2 December 2010
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	== Description of the site ==		== Description of the site ==

−	As it was found by the INA team, this wreck consisted of a ballast pile extending to an area of 11.5 x 3 m, and around 60 cm high. Its weight was estimated around 36 tons. Under this ballast pile was a preserved wooden structure, consisting of floors, futtocks, planking and ceiling, covering an area of 2.5 x 7.5 m which represented less than 2% of the ~~h'''Bold text'''ull~~, from a part of the bottom located between the keel and the turn of the bilge .	+	As it was found by the INA team, this wreck consisted of a ballast pile extending to an area of 11.5 x 3 m, and around 60 cm high. Its weight was estimated around 36 tons. Under this ballast pile was a preserved wooden structure, consisting of floors, futtocks, planking and ceiling, covering an area of 2.5 x 7.5 m which represented less than 2% of the hull, from a part of the bottom located between the keel and the turn of the bilge .


Line 70:		Line 70:

	1. Lamb, William R., Keith, Donald H., Judy, Susan A. "Analysis of the ballast of the Molasses Reef Wreck" National Geographic Research (1990) 6.3: 291-305.		1. Lamb, William R., Keith, Donald H., Judy, Susan A. "Analysis of the ballast of the Molasses Reef Wreck" National Geographic Research (1990) 6.3: 291-305.
		+
	2. Keith, Donald H. "The Molasses Reef Wrecks Project" INA Newsletter (1989) 16.3: 4-9.		2. Keith, Donald H. "The Molasses Reef Wrecks Project" INA Newsletter (1989) 16.3: 4-9.
		+
	3. Oertling, Thomas J. "The Molasses Reef Wreck Hull Analysis: Final Report" IJNA (1989) 18.3: 229-243.		3. Oertling, Thomas J. "The Molasses Reef Wreck Hull Analysis: Final Report" IJNA (1989) 18.3: 229-243.
		+
	4. Keith, Donald Hart –The Molasses Reef Wreck, Texas A&M Ph.D. Dissertation, College Station, 1987: 153-154.		4. Keith, Donald Hart –The Molasses Reef Wreck, Texas A&M Ph.D. Dissertation, College Station, 1987: 153-154.

Lindsey.Thomas at 15:45, 2 December 2010

2010-12-02T15:45:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:45, 2 December 2010
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	No keel, stem or stern posts are preserved although we know, from a preserved gudgeon, that the sternpost – and presumably the keel and stem post – had a sided dimension of 20 cm.		No keel, stem or stern posts are preserved although we know, from a preserved gudgeon, that the sternpost – and presumably the keel and stem post – had a sided dimension of 20 cm.
−

	'''Frames'''		'''Frames'''
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	A great variety of fasteners were found in the concretions around the site. These were divided into oak treenails, iron bolts, drift pins, and nails. Treenails had diameters of 2.8cm. Bolts were 2.7-3cm in diameter with domed heads, 1.4-3.8cm in diameter with flat heads, and 1.2-2.8cm in diameter unheaded. Their lengths varied between 30 and 50cm. Drift pins had square shanks 1.2-2.8cm and lengths of 35-45cm. Nails were button-headed with shanks 0.1-2cm in square, or flat-headed with square shanks 0.2-1.8cm. Their lengths varied between 6 and 14.5cm.		A great variety of fasteners were found in the concretions around the site. These were divided into oak treenails, iron bolts, drift pins, and nails. Treenails had diameters of 2.8cm. Bolts were 2.7-3cm in diameter with domed heads, 1.4-3.8cm in diameter with flat heads, and 1.2-2.8cm in diameter unheaded. Their lengths varied between 30 and 50cm. Drift pins had square shanks 1.2-2.8cm and lengths of 35-45cm. Nails were button-headed with shanks 0.1-2cm in square, or flat-headed with square shanks 0.2-1.8cm. Their lengths varied between 6 and 14.5cm.
	The floors were fastened to the first futtocks with two treenails and two nails, driven from opposite sides. The planks were fastened to the frames with two nails and two treenails, typically the nails on the axis of the frame, near the seam, and the treenails on each side of the centerline. At some locations there were additional fastenings with round-shafted nails of 1.3cm diameter. The ends of the planks were secured with three nails and two treenails. Nail heads were recessed in counter-sink holes.		The floors were fastened to the first futtocks with two treenails and two nails, driven from opposite sides. The planks were fastened to the frames with two nails and two treenails, typically the nails on the axis of the frame, near the seam, and the treenails on each side of the centerline. At some locations there were additional fastenings with round-shafted nails of 1.3cm diameter. The ends of the planks were secured with three nails and two treenails. Nail heads were recessed in counter-sink holes.
−

	'''Caulking'''		'''Caulking'''

	According to Dr. Keith , "thin strips of lead had been forced between the strakes places" and "lead sheet patches of different shapes and sizes were found on the site". Caulking was found wrapped around the nail heads.		According to Dr. Keith , "thin strips of lead had been forced between the strakes places" and "lead sheet patches of different shapes and sizes were found on the site". Caulking was found wrapped around the nail heads.
−

	'''Ballast'''		'''Ballast'''

	Around 36 tons of ballast were found on site, mostly originating in Lisbon, some smaller quantities from southern Spain, England and the Canary Islands.		Around 36 tons of ballast were found on site, mostly originating in Lisbon, some smaller quantities from southern Spain, England and the Canary Islands.
−

	'''Size, Scantlings, and Wood'''		'''Size, Scantlings, and Wood'''

Lindsey.Thomas at 15:43, 2 December 2010

2010-12-02T15:43:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 2 December 2010
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	'''Ceiling, Thick Stuff and Wales'''		'''Ceiling, Thick Stuff and Wales'''
		+
	Although ceiling planks have survived in very poor condition, their dimensions have been estimated as 2cm thick and around 14cm wide in average. Five filler pieces were found in place.		Although ceiling planks have survived in very poor condition, their dimensions have been estimated as 2cm thick and around 14cm wide in average. Five filler pieces were found in place.

	'''Fastenings'''		'''Fastenings'''
		+
	A great variety of fasteners were found in the concretions around the site. These were divided into oak treenails, iron bolts, drift pins, and nails. Treenails had diameters of 2.8cm. Bolts were 2.7-3cm in diameter with domed heads, 1.4-3.8cm in diameter with flat heads, and 1.2-2.8cm in diameter unheaded. Their lengths varied between 30 and 50cm. Drift pins had square shanks 1.2-2.8cm and lengths of 35-45cm. Nails were button-headed with shanks 0.1-2cm in square, or flat-headed with square shanks 0.2-1.8cm. Their lengths varied between 6 and 14.5cm.		A great variety of fasteners were found in the concretions around the site. These were divided into oak treenails, iron bolts, drift pins, and nails. Treenails had diameters of 2.8cm. Bolts were 2.7-3cm in diameter with domed heads, 1.4-3.8cm in diameter with flat heads, and 1.2-2.8cm in diameter unheaded. Their lengths varied between 30 and 50cm. Drift pins had square shanks 1.2-2.8cm and lengths of 35-45cm. Nails were button-headed with shanks 0.1-2cm in square, or flat-headed with square shanks 0.2-1.8cm. Their lengths varied between 6 and 14.5cm.
	The floors were fastened to the first futtocks with two treenails and two nails, driven from opposite sides. The planks were fastened to the frames with two nails and two treenails, typically the nails on the axis of the frame, near the seam, and the treenails on each side of the centerline. At some locations there were additional fastenings with round-shafted nails of 1.3cm diameter. The ends of the planks were secured with three nails and two treenails. Nail heads were recessed in counter-sink holes.		The floors were fastened to the first futtocks with two treenails and two nails, driven from opposite sides. The planks were fastened to the frames with two nails and two treenails, typically the nails on the axis of the frame, near the seam, and the treenails on each side of the centerline. At some locations there were additional fastenings with round-shafted nails of 1.3cm diameter. The ends of the planks were secured with three nails and two treenails. Nail heads were recessed in counter-sink holes.
Line 36:		Line 38:

	'''Caulking'''		'''Caulking'''
		+
	According to Dr. Keith , "thin strips of lead had been forced between the strakes places" and "lead sheet patches of different shapes and sizes were found on the site". Caulking was found wrapped around the nail heads.		According to Dr. Keith , "thin strips of lead had been forced between the strakes places" and "lead sheet patches of different shapes and sizes were found on the site". Caulking was found wrapped around the nail heads.


	'''Ballast'''		'''Ballast'''
		+
	Around 36 tons of ballast were found on site, mostly originating in Lisbon, some smaller quantities from southern Spain, England and the Canary Islands.		Around 36 tons of ballast were found on site, mostly originating in Lisbon, some smaller quantities from southern Spain, England and the Canary Islands.


	'''Size, Scantlings, and Wood'''		'''Size, Scantlings, and Wood'''
		+
	Estimated 20 m on the deck and 7.5 m beam. Its most important timbers had the following dimensions:		Estimated 20 m on the deck and 7.5 m beam. Its most important timbers had the following dimensions:

Lindsey.Thomas at 15:42, 2 December 2010

2010-12-02T15:42:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:42, 2 December 2010
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	'''Planking'''		'''Planking'''
		+
	Six rows of planking were preserved in place, presenting a thickness of 4.5 cm and widths between 28 and 35 cm. All preserved planks were plain sawn and all were butt joint, forming regular strakes.		Six rows of planking were preserved in place, presenting a thickness of 4.5 cm and widths between 28 and 35 cm. All preserved planks were plain sawn and all were butt joint, forming regular strakes.

	'''Ceiling, Thick Stuff and Wales'''		'''Ceiling, Thick Stuff and Wales'''
	Although ceiling planks have survived in very poor condition, their dimensions have been estimated as 2cm thick and around 14cm wide in average. Five filler pieces were found in place.		Although ceiling planks have survived in very poor condition, their dimensions have been estimated as 2cm thick and around 14cm wide in average. Five filler pieces were found in place.
−

	'''Fastenings'''		'''Fastenings'''
−
	A great variety of fasteners were found in the concretions around the site. These were divided into oak treenails, iron bolts, drift pins, and nails. Treenails had diameters of 2.8cm. Bolts were 2.7-3cm in diameter with domed heads, 1.4-3.8cm in diameter with flat heads, and 1.2-2.8cm in diameter unheaded. Their lengths varied between 30 and 50cm. Drift pins had square shanks 1.2-2.8cm and lengths of 35-45cm. Nails were button-headed with shanks 0.1-2cm in square, or flat-headed with square shanks 0.2-1.8cm. Their lengths varied between 6 and 14.5cm.		A great variety of fasteners were found in the concretions around the site. These were divided into oak treenails, iron bolts, drift pins, and nails. Treenails had diameters of 2.8cm. Bolts were 2.7-3cm in diameter with domed heads, 1.4-3.8cm in diameter with flat heads, and 1.2-2.8cm in diameter unheaded. Their lengths varied between 30 and 50cm. Drift pins had square shanks 1.2-2.8cm and lengths of 35-45cm. Nails were button-headed with shanks 0.1-2cm in square, or flat-headed with square shanks 0.2-1.8cm. Their lengths varied between 6 and 14.5cm.
	The floors were fastened to the first futtocks with two treenails and two nails, driven from opposite sides. The planks were fastened to the frames with two nails and two treenails, typically the nails on the axis of the frame, near the seam, and the treenails on each side of the centerline. At some locations there were additional fastenings with round-shafted nails of 1.3cm diameter. The ends of the planks were secured with three nails and two treenails. Nail heads were recessed in counter-sink holes.		The floors were fastened to the first futtocks with two treenails and two nails, driven from opposite sides. The planks were fastened to the frames with two nails and two treenails, typically the nails on the axis of the frame, near the seam, and the treenails on each side of the centerline. At some locations there were additional fastenings with round-shafted nails of 1.3cm diameter. The ends of the planks were secured with three nails and two treenails. Nail heads were recessed in counter-sink holes.
Line 37:		Line 36:

	'''Caulking'''		'''Caulking'''
−
	According to Dr. Keith , "thin strips of lead had been forced between the strakes places" and "lead sheet patches of different shapes and sizes were found on the site". Caulking was found wrapped around the nail heads.		According to Dr. Keith , "thin strips of lead had been forced between the strakes places" and "lead sheet patches of different shapes and sizes were found on the site". Caulking was found wrapped around the nail heads.


	'''Ballast'''		'''Ballast'''
−
−
	Around 36 tons of ballast were found on site, mostly originating in Lisbon, some smaller quantities from southern Spain, England and the Canary Islands.		Around 36 tons of ballast were found on site, mostly originating in Lisbon, some smaller quantities from southern Spain, England and the Canary Islands.


	'''Size, Scantlings, and Wood'''		'''Size, Scantlings, and Wood'''
−
	Estimated 20 m on the deck and 7.5 m beam. Its most important timbers had the following dimensions:		Estimated 20 m on the deck and 7.5 m beam. Its most important timbers had the following dimensions:

Lindsey.Thomas at 15:33, 2 December 2010

2010-12-02T15:33:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:33, 2 December 2010
Line 15:		Line 15:

	'''Keel'''		'''Keel'''
		+
	No keel, stem or stern posts are preserved although we know, from a preserved gudgeon, that the sternpost – and presumably the keel and stem post – had a sided dimension of 20 cm.		No keel, stem or stern posts are preserved although we know, from a preserved gudgeon, that the sternpost – and presumably the keel and stem post – had a sided dimension of 20 cm.
		+

	'''Frames'''		'''Frames'''
		+
	Twenty-four frames or frame positions were found in place. The floors were around 16cm sided. The futtocks were in average 16cm sided and 16-17cm molded. Room-and-space was 32.5cm. The floors overlapped the futtocks along 75cm, and presented dovetail joints, the mortise on the futtock and the wider side of the trapezoid up, at least in the preserved joints. Fillers were found in place, covering the tops of the floor timbers. The (only) midship frame had a pair of futtocks on each side. At least 11 frames were pre-assembled.		Twenty-four frames or frame positions were found in place. The floors were around 16cm sided. The futtocks were in average 16cm sided and 16-17cm molded. Room-and-space was 32.5cm. The floors overlapped the futtocks along 75cm, and presented dovetail joints, the mortise on the futtock and the wider side of the trapezoid up, at least in the preserved joints. Fillers were found in place, covering the tops of the floor timbers. The (only) midship frame had a pair of futtocks on each side. At least 11 frames were pre-assembled.

Line 25:		Line 28:
	'''Ceiling, Thick Stuff and Wales'''		'''Ceiling, Thick Stuff and Wales'''
	Although ceiling planks have survived in very poor condition, their dimensions have been estimated as 2cm thick and around 14cm wide in average. Five filler pieces were found in place.		Although ceiling planks have survived in very poor condition, their dimensions have been estimated as 2cm thick and around 14cm wide in average. Five filler pieces were found in place.
		+

	'''Fastenings'''		'''Fastenings'''
		+
	A great variety of fasteners were found in the concretions around the site. These were divided into oak treenails, iron bolts, drift pins, and nails. Treenails had diameters of 2.8cm. Bolts were 2.7-3cm in diameter with domed heads, 1.4-3.8cm in diameter with flat heads, and 1.2-2.8cm in diameter unheaded. Their lengths varied between 30 and 50cm. Drift pins had square shanks 1.2-2.8cm and lengths of 35-45cm. Nails were button-headed with shanks 0.1-2cm in square, or flat-headed with square shanks 0.2-1.8cm. Their lengths varied between 6 and 14.5cm.		A great variety of fasteners were found in the concretions around the site. These were divided into oak treenails, iron bolts, drift pins, and nails. Treenails had diameters of 2.8cm. Bolts were 2.7-3cm in diameter with domed heads, 1.4-3.8cm in diameter with flat heads, and 1.2-2.8cm in diameter unheaded. Their lengths varied between 30 and 50cm. Drift pins had square shanks 1.2-2.8cm and lengths of 35-45cm. Nails were button-headed with shanks 0.1-2cm in square, or flat-headed with square shanks 0.2-1.8cm. Their lengths varied between 6 and 14.5cm.
	The floors were fastened to the first futtocks with two treenails and two nails, driven from opposite sides. The planks were fastened to the frames with two nails and two treenails, typically the nails on the axis of the frame, near the seam, and the treenails on each side of the centerline. At some locations there were additional fastenings with round-shafted nails of 1.3cm diameter. The ends of the planks were secured with three nails and two treenails. Nail heads were recessed in counter-sink holes.		The floors were fastened to the first futtocks with two treenails and two nails, driven from opposite sides. The planks were fastened to the frames with two nails and two treenails, typically the nails on the axis of the frame, near the seam, and the treenails on each side of the centerline. At some locations there were additional fastenings with round-shafted nails of 1.3cm diameter. The ends of the planks were secured with three nails and two treenails. Nail heads were recessed in counter-sink holes.
		+

	'''Caulking'''		'''Caulking'''
		+
	According to Dr. Keith , "thin strips of lead had been forced between the strakes places" and "lead sheet patches of different shapes and sizes were found on the site". Caulking was found wrapped around the nail heads.		According to Dr. Keith , "thin strips of lead had been forced between the strakes places" and "lead sheet patches of different shapes and sizes were found on the site". Caulking was found wrapped around the nail heads.
		+

	'''Ballast'''		'''Ballast'''
		+
		+
	Around 36 tons of ballast were found on site, mostly originating in Lisbon, some smaller quantities from southern Spain, England and the Canary Islands.		Around 36 tons of ballast were found on site, mostly originating in Lisbon, some smaller quantities from southern Spain, England and the Canary Islands.
		+

	'''Size, Scantlings, and Wood'''		'''Size, Scantlings, and Wood'''
		+
	Estimated 20 m on the deck and 7.5 m beam. Its most important timbers had the following dimensions:		Estimated 20 m on the deck and 7.5 m beam. Its most important timbers had the following dimensions:
		+
	Sided (cm) Molded (cm)		Sided (cm) Molded (cm)
		+
	Keel unknown unknown		Keel unknown unknown
		+
	Floors 16 16-17		Floors 16 16-17
		+
	Futtocks 16 16-17		Futtocks 16 16-17
		+
	Room-and-space 32.5 -		Room-and-space 32.5 -
		+
	Planking 30 4.5		Planking 30 4.5
		+
	Ceiling 14 2		Ceiling 14 2

	'''Wood'''		'''Wood'''
		+
	All timbers analyzed showed to be of oak (Quercus sp.).		All timbers analyzed showed to be of oak (Quercus sp.).

Line 53:		Line 73:
	== References==		== References==

−	1. Lamb, William R., Keith, Donald H., Judy, Susan A. "Analysis of the ballast of the Molasses Reef Wreck" National Geographic Research (1990) 6.3: 291-305.	+	1. Lamb, William R., Keith, Donald H., Judy, Susan A. "Analysis of the ballast of the Molasses Reef Wreck" National Geographic Research (1990) 6.3: 291-305.
−	2. Keith, Donald H. "The Molasses Reef Wrecks Project" INA Newsletter (1989) 16.3: 4-9.	+	2. Keith, Donald H. "The Molasses Reef Wrecks Project" INA Newsletter (1989) 16.3: 4-9.
−	3. Oertling, Thomas J. "The Molasses Reef Wreck Hull Analysis: Final Report" IJNA (1989) 18.3: 229-243.	+	3. Oertling, Thomas J. "The Molasses Reef Wreck Hull Analysis: Final Report" IJNA (1989) 18.3: 229-243.
−	4. Keith, Donald Hart –The Molasses Reef Wreck, Texas A&M Ph.D. Dissertation, College Station, 1987: 153-154.	+	4. Keith, Donald Hart –The Molasses Reef Wreck, Texas A&M Ph.D. Dissertation, College Station, 1987: 153-154.

Lindsey.Thomas: Created page with 'category: Ships == History of the wreck == The identity of this ship is unknown. It may have been built in Portugal, since most of its ballast comes from Lisbon . It is …'

2010-12-02T15:31:53Z

Created page with 'category: Ships == History of the wreck == The identity of this ship is unknown. It may have been built in Portugal, since most of its ballast comes from Lisbon . It is …'

New page

[[category: Ships]]

== History of the wreck ==

The identity of this ship is unknown. It may have been built in Portugal, since most of its ballast comes from Lisbon . It is believed to have wrecked in the late 15th or early 16th century, probably during a voyage of capture of Bahamian natives for slave work in the mines of Hispaniola.
The Molasses Reef wreck was found in the early 1970s by sports divers in the southern perimeter of the Caicos Bank, Turks and Caicos Islands, in the Caribbean. Salvaged by treasure hunters – among whom the famous Teddy Tucker – at least since 1972, this wreck was exploded by vandals just before the Institute of Nautical Archaeology started archaeological excavations on the site, through its Exploration and Discovery Research Team (EDRT). These excavations lasted between 1982 and 1986, under the direction of Donald H. Keith .

== Description of the site ==

As it was found by the INA team, this wreck consisted of a ballast pile extending to an area of 11.5 x 3 m, and around 60 cm high. Its weight was estimated around 36 tons. Under this ballast pile was a preserved wooden structure, consisting of floors, futtocks, planking and ceiling, covering an area of 2.5 x 7.5 m which represented less than 2% of the h'''Bold text'''ull, from a part of the bottom located between the keel and the turn of the bilge .

== Construction Features ==

'''Keel'''
No keel, stem or stern posts are preserved although we know, from a preserved gudgeon, that the sternpost – and presumably the keel and stem post – had a sided dimension of 20 cm.

'''Frames'''
Twenty-four frames or frame positions were found in place. The floors were around 16cm sided. The futtocks were in average 16cm sided and 16-17cm molded. Room-and-space was 32.5cm. The floors overlapped the futtocks along 75cm, and presented dovetail joints, the mortise on the futtock and the wider side of the trapezoid up, at least in the preserved joints. Fillers were found in place, covering the tops of the floor timbers. The (only) midship frame had a pair of futtocks on each side. At least 11 frames were pre-assembled.

'''Planking'''
Six rows of planking were preserved in place, presenting a thickness of 4.5 cm and widths between 28 and 35 cm. All preserved planks were plain sawn and all were butt joint, forming regular strakes.

'''Ceiling, Thick Stuff and Wales'''
Although ceiling planks have survived in very poor condition, their dimensions have been estimated as 2cm thick and around 14cm wide in average. Five filler pieces were found in place.

'''Fastenings'''
A great variety of fasteners were found in the concretions around the site. These were divided into oak treenails, iron bolts, drift pins, and nails. Treenails had diameters of 2.8cm. Bolts were 2.7-3cm in diameter with domed heads, 1.4-3.8cm in diameter with flat heads, and 1.2-2.8cm in diameter unheaded. Their lengths varied between 30 and 50cm. Drift pins had square shanks 1.2-2.8cm and lengths of 35-45cm. Nails were button-headed with shanks 0.1-2cm in square, or flat-headed with square shanks 0.2-1.8cm. Their lengths varied between 6 and 14.5cm.
The floors were fastened to the first futtocks with two treenails and two nails, driven from opposite sides. The planks were fastened to the frames with two nails and two treenails, typically the nails on the axis of the frame, near the seam, and the treenails on each side of the centerline. At some locations there were additional fastenings with round-shafted nails of 1.3cm diameter. The ends of the planks were secured with three nails and two treenails. Nail heads were recessed in counter-sink holes.

'''Caulking'''
According to Dr. Keith , "thin strips of lead had been forced between the strakes places" and "lead sheet patches of different shapes and sizes were found on the site". Caulking was found wrapped around the nail heads.

'''Ballast'''
Around 36 tons of ballast were found on site, mostly originating in Lisbon, some smaller quantities from southern Spain, England and the Canary Islands.

'''Size, Scantlings, and Wood'''
Estimated 20 m on the deck and 7.5 m beam. Its most important timbers had the following dimensions:
Sided (cm) Molded (cm)
Keel unknown unknown
Floors 16 16-17
Futtocks 16 16-17
Room-and-space 32.5 -
Planking 30 4.5
Ceiling 14 2

'''Wood'''
All timbers analyzed showed to be of oak (Quercus sp.).

== References==

1. Lamb, William R., Keith, Donald H., Judy, Susan A. "Analysis of the ballast of the Molasses Reef Wreck" National Geographic Research (1990) 6.3: 291-305.
2. Keith, Donald H. "The Molasses Reef Wrecks Project" INA Newsletter (1989) 16.3: 4-9.
3. Oertling, Thomas J. "The Molasses Reef Wreck Hull Analysis: Final Report" IJNA (1989) 18.3: 229-243.
4. Keith, Donald Hart –The Molasses Reef Wreck, Texas A&M Ph.D. Dissertation, College Station, 1987: 153-154.

Keith, Donald Hart The Molasses Reef Wreck, Texas A&M Ph.D. Dissertation, College Station, 1987.
Keith, Donald H. "The Molasses Reef Wrecks Project" INA Newsletter (1989) 16.3: 4-9.
Keith, D.H., Duff, J.A., James, S.R., Oertling, T.J. & Simmons, J.J. “The Molasses Reef wreck, Turks and Caicos Islands, B.W.I.: A preliminary report” IJNA (1984) 13.1: 45-63.
Keith, D.H. & Simmons, J.J. “An analysis of hull remains, ballast and artifact distribution of a sixteenth century shipwreck: Toward a better understanding of wrecking and reconstruction” JFA (1985) 12.4: 411-424.
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