Pepper Wreck - Revision history

Kelby.rose: /* Introduction */

2010-12-13T19:09:36Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:09, 13 December 2010
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	==Introduction==		==Introduction==
−
−	~~<gallery caption="The Pepper Wreck 1996-98 field season (photos: Filipe Castro, Francisco Alves, and Augusto Salgado)" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3">~~
−	~~Image:Sjb01.jpg~~
−	~~Image:Timbersimage001.jpg~~
−	~~Image:IMG0076.jpg~~
−	~~</gallery>~~
−
	The Pepper wreck was found on the Tagus River mouth, Lisbon, Portugal, in 1993, during an archaeological survey promoted by the Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, directed by Francisco Alves.		The Pepper wreck was found on the Tagus River mouth, Lisbon, Portugal, in 1993, during an archaeological survey promoted by the Museu Nacional de Arqueologia, directed by Francisco Alves.

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	This webpage is intended as an introduction to this topic. I believe that without a wide public interest we will never learn anything about the Portuguese Indiamen of the 16th and early 17th centuries.		This webpage is intended as an introduction to this topic. I believe that without a wide public interest we will never learn anything about the Portuguese Indiamen of the 16th and early 17th centuries.
		+
		+	<gallery caption="The Pepper Wreck 1996-98 field season (photos: Filipe Castro, Francisco Alves, and Augusto Salgado)" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3">
		+	Image:Sjb01.jpg
		+	Image:Timbersimage001.jpg
		+	Image:IMG0076.jpg
		+	</gallery>

	==Short History of the Site==		==Short History of the Site==

Lindsey.Thomas: /* Introduction */

2010-12-13T17:04:41Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:04, 13 December 2010
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	<gallery caption="The Pepper Wreck 1996-98 field season (photos: Filipe Castro, Francisco Alves, and Augusto Salgado)" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3">		<gallery caption="The Pepper Wreck 1996-98 field season (photos: Filipe Castro, Francisco Alves, and Augusto Salgado)" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3">
−	Image:Sjb01.jpg ~~The Site~~	+	Image:Sjb01.jpg
	Image:Timbersimage001.jpg		Image:Timbersimage001.jpg
	Image:IMG0076.jpg		Image:IMG0076.jpg

Lindsey.Thomas: /* Introduction */

2010-12-13T17:04:26Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:04, 13 December 2010
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	<gallery caption="The Pepper Wreck 1996-98 field season (photos: Filipe Castro, Francisco Alves, and Augusto Salgado)" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3">		<gallery caption="The Pepper Wreck 1996-98 field season (photos: Filipe Castro, Francisco Alves, and Augusto Salgado)" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3">
−	Image:Sjb01.jpg	+	Image:Sjb01.jpg The Site
	Image:Timbersimage001.jpg		Image:Timbersimage001.jpg
	Image:IMG0076.jpg		Image:IMG0076.jpg

Kelby.rose: /* Short History of the Site */

2010-12-06T19:24:23Z

Short History of the Site

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:24, 6 December 2010
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	Finally, in the summers of 1999 and 2000, the Instituto Português de Arqueologia through its Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática and the INA have sponsored two excavation seasons on this site, aiming at what is perhaps the most exciting part of this wreck: its hull remains.		Finally, in the summers of 1999 and 2000, the Instituto Português de Arqueologia through its Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática and the INA have sponsored two excavation seasons on this site, aiming at what is perhaps the most exciting part of this wreck: its hull remains.
		+
		+	[[File:Hull10-FA.jpg\|thumb\|View of the hull remains (Photo: Francisco Alves, CNANS, 1997).]]

	A section of the bottom immediately before the midship frames was preserved, including a section of the keel, eleven frames, and some of the planking. Construction marks carved on the surfaces of the floor timbers allowed us to not only understand the method used by the shipwright to conceive the hull shape, but to reconstruct some of the hull dimensions with a good degree of certainty.		A section of the bottom immediately before the midship frames was preserved, including a section of the keel, eleven frames, and some of the planking. Construction marks carved on the surfaces of the floor timbers allowed us to not only understand the method used by the shipwright to conceive the hull shape, but to reconstruct some of the hull dimensions with a good degree of certainty.

Kelby.rose: /* Short History of the Site */

2010-12-06T19:23:31Z

Short History of the Site

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:23, 6 December 2010
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	On September 14th 1606, after a nine months voyage from Cochin, India, and a three month stop in the Azores, the Portuguese East Indiaman Nossa Senhora dos Mártires arrived in sight of Lisbon. A heavy storm forced captain Manuel Barreto Rolim to drop anchor off Cascais, a small village a few miles from Lisbon. Here the nau Salvação, another returning Indiaman from the 1605 fleet, was already struggling with the southerly gale.		On September 14th 1606, after a nine months voyage from Cochin, India, and a three month stop in the Azores, the Portuguese East Indiaman Nossa Senhora dos Mártires arrived in sight of Lisbon. A heavy storm forced captain Manuel Barreto Rolim to drop anchor off Cascais, a small village a few miles from Lisbon. Here the nau Salvação, another returning Indiaman from the 1605 fleet, was already struggling with the southerly gale.
		+
	[[File:India route 2.jpg\|thumb\|The India route]]		[[File:India route 2.jpg\|thumb\|The India route]]
−

	Dangerously dragging her anchors in the direction of the beach, the Salvação was too heavy to be towed against the wind by the galley that was sent to help. The next day, after seeing the nau Salvação run aground on the Cascais beach, Rolim decided to head for the mouth of the Tagus River hoping to escape the tempest in the calmer waters of the estuary. However, getting past the sandbars was not easy. Two large sandbanks narrowed the entrances, making the waters run dangerously fast in both the northern and the southern channel. Rolim headed for the northern canal, which by the early seventeenth century was already considered too narrow and shallow to lay anchor in, and too crooked for any galley to tow a large vessel out of. In the middle of the passage, the nau Mártires lost her headway and was dragged to a submerged rock. She sunk in front of the São Julião da Barra fortress in a matter of hours; soon afterwards she was broken up into such small pieces that witnesses commented it looked as if she had sunk long ago. Her main cargo of pepper that had been stored loose in small holds, spilled out upon wrecking, forming a black tide that extended for leagues along the coast and in the Tagus estuary. A large amount of pepper was saved and put to dry by the king's officers. The population also salvaged a notable quantity, as it was impossible for the soldiers to stop the locals who, despite the dreadful weather conditions, every night went to the sea in small craft to salvage what they could.		Dangerously dragging her anchors in the direction of the beach, the Salvação was too heavy to be towed against the wind by the galley that was sent to help. The next day, after seeing the nau Salvação run aground on the Cascais beach, Rolim decided to head for the mouth of the Tagus River hoping to escape the tempest in the calmer waters of the estuary. However, getting past the sandbars was not easy. Two large sandbanks narrowed the entrances, making the waters run dangerously fast in both the northern and the southern channel. Rolim headed for the northern canal, which by the early seventeenth century was already considered too narrow and shallow to lay anchor in, and too crooked for any galley to tow a large vessel out of. In the middle of the passage, the nau Mártires lost her headway and was dragged to a submerged rock. She sunk in front of the São Julião da Barra fortress in a matter of hours; soon afterwards she was broken up into such small pieces that witnesses commented it looked as if she had sunk long ago. Her main cargo of pepper that had been stored loose in small holds, spilled out upon wrecking, forming a black tide that extended for leagues along the coast and in the Tagus estuary. A large amount of pepper was saved and put to dry by the king's officers. The population also salvaged a notable quantity, as it was impossible for the soldiers to stop the locals who, despite the dreadful weather conditions, every night went to the sea in small craft to salvage what they could.
		+
		+	[[File:Sjbarraloc01.jpg\|thumb\|left\|The promontory of São Julião da Barra, marking the entrance of the Tagus River (Photo: IGC, 2002).]]

	During the subsequent summers, the officers of king Felipe III of Spain - who was also king Felipe II of Portugal - may have salvaged a great part of the cargo from the shallow waters, and they certainly rescued cables, anchors and guns.		During the subsequent summers, the officers of king Felipe III of Spain - who was also king Felipe II of Portugal - may have salvaged a great part of the cargo from the shallow waters, and they certainly rescued cables, anchors and guns.

	Just as many other wrecks that occurred at this dangerous channel, the Nossa Senhora dos Mártires was soon forgotten. The tsunami that followed the earthquake of 1755 probably rolled heavy rocks over its remains, and in 1966 a codfish trawler wrecked nearby the site covering a large area with other debris.		Just as many other wrecks that occurred at this dangerous channel, the Nossa Senhora dos Mártires was soon forgotten. The tsunami that followed the earthquake of 1755 probably rolled heavy rocks over its remains, and in 1966 a codfish trawler wrecked nearby the site covering a large area with other debris.
−		+
		+	[[File:1999viceroy015.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Aires de Saldanha, 17th viceroy in India.]]
		+
	Stories of treasure troves around the fortress of São Julião da Barra were certainly transmitted through generations, and the spread of scuba diving from the early 1950s on heightened interest in the area. In the late 1970s several archaeological surveys were carried out by avocational archaeologists, but no governmental action was taken to protect the site. As a result the site was heavily looted by sports divers during the 1980s.		Stories of treasure troves around the fortress of São Julião da Barra were certainly transmitted through generations, and the spread of scuba diving from the early 1950s on heightened interest in the area. In the late 1970s several archaeological surveys were carried out by avocational archaeologists, but no governmental action was taken to protect the site. As a result the site was heavily looted by sports divers during the 1980s.

Kelby.rose: /* Short History of the Site */

2010-12-06T19:21:10Z

Short History of the Site

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:21, 6 December 2010
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	==Short History of the Site==		==Short History of the Site==

−	[[File:S.Juliao 1.jpg\|~~thunb~~\|A storm at São Julião da Barra (Photo: Monica Belo, 1999).]]	+	[[File:S.Juliao 1.jpg\|thumb\|A storm at São Julião da Barra (Photo: Monica Belo, 1999).]]

	On September 14th 1606, after a nine months voyage from Cochin, India, and a three month stop in the Azores, the Portuguese East Indiaman Nossa Senhora dos Mártires arrived in sight of Lisbon. A heavy storm forced captain Manuel Barreto Rolim to drop anchor off Cascais, a small village a few miles from Lisbon. Here the nau Salvação, another returning Indiaman from the 1605 fleet, was already struggling with the southerly gale.		On September 14th 1606, after a nine months voyage from Cochin, India, and a three month stop in the Azores, the Portuguese East Indiaman Nossa Senhora dos Mártires arrived in sight of Lisbon. A heavy storm forced captain Manuel Barreto Rolim to drop anchor off Cascais, a small village a few miles from Lisbon. Here the nau Salvação, another returning Indiaman from the 1605 fleet, was already struggling with the southerly gale.
		+	[[File:India route 2.jpg\|thumb\|The India route]]
		+

	Dangerously dragging her anchors in the direction of the beach, the Salvação was too heavy to be towed against the wind by the galley that was sent to help. The next day, after seeing the nau Salvação run aground on the Cascais beach, Rolim decided to head for the mouth of the Tagus River hoping to escape the tempest in the calmer waters of the estuary. However, getting past the sandbars was not easy. Two large sandbanks narrowed the entrances, making the waters run dangerously fast in both the northern and the southern channel. Rolim headed for the northern canal, which by the early seventeenth century was already considered too narrow and shallow to lay anchor in, and too crooked for any galley to tow a large vessel out of. In the middle of the passage, the nau Mártires lost her headway and was dragged to a submerged rock. She sunk in front of the São Julião da Barra fortress in a matter of hours; soon afterwards she was broken up into such small pieces that witnesses commented it looked as if she had sunk long ago. Her main cargo of pepper that had been stored loose in small holds, spilled out upon wrecking, forming a black tide that extended for leagues along the coast and in the Tagus estuary. A large amount of pepper was saved and put to dry by the king's officers. The population also salvaged a notable quantity, as it was impossible for the soldiers to stop the locals who, despite the dreadful weather conditions, every night went to the sea in small craft to salvage what they could.		Dangerously dragging her anchors in the direction of the beach, the Salvação was too heavy to be towed against the wind by the galley that was sent to help. The next day, after seeing the nau Salvação run aground on the Cascais beach, Rolim decided to head for the mouth of the Tagus River hoping to escape the tempest in the calmer waters of the estuary. However, getting past the sandbars was not easy. Two large sandbanks narrowed the entrances, making the waters run dangerously fast in both the northern and the southern channel. Rolim headed for the northern canal, which by the early seventeenth century was already considered too narrow and shallow to lay anchor in, and too crooked for any galley to tow a large vessel out of. In the middle of the passage, the nau Mártires lost her headway and was dragged to a submerged rock. She sunk in front of the São Julião da Barra fortress in a matter of hours; soon afterwards she was broken up into such small pieces that witnesses commented it looked as if she had sunk long ago. Her main cargo of pepper that had been stored loose in small holds, spilled out upon wrecking, forming a black tide that extended for leagues along the coast and in the Tagus estuary. A large amount of pepper was saved and put to dry by the king's officers. The population also salvaged a notable quantity, as it was impossible for the soldiers to stop the locals who, despite the dreadful weather conditions, every night went to the sea in small craft to salvage what they could.

Kelby.rose: /* Short History of the Site */

2010-12-06T19:20:09Z

Short History of the Site

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:20, 6 December 2010
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	==Short History of the Site==		==Short History of the Site==
		+
		+	[[File:S.Juliao 1.jpg\|thunb\|A storm at São Julião da Barra (Photo: Monica Belo, 1999).]]

	On September 14th 1606, after a nine months voyage from Cochin, India, and a three month stop in the Azores, the Portuguese East Indiaman Nossa Senhora dos Mártires arrived in sight of Lisbon. A heavy storm forced captain Manuel Barreto Rolim to drop anchor off Cascais, a small village a few miles from Lisbon. Here the nau Salvação, another returning Indiaman from the 1605 fleet, was already struggling with the southerly gale.		On September 14th 1606, after a nine months voyage from Cochin, India, and a three month stop in the Azores, the Portuguese East Indiaman Nossa Senhora dos Mártires arrived in sight of Lisbon. A heavy storm forced captain Manuel Barreto Rolim to drop anchor off Cascais, a small village a few miles from Lisbon. Here the nau Salvação, another returning Indiaman from the 1605 fleet, was already struggling with the southerly gale.

Kelby.rose: /* Introduction */

2010-12-06T19:18:30Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:18, 6 December 2010
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	From 1996 to 1998 it was excavated by the Instituto Português de Arqueologia / Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática as part of the program of the Portuguese pavilion at the 1998 world exhibition EXPO'98.		From 1996 to 1998 it was excavated by the Instituto Português de Arqueologia / Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática as part of the program of the Portuguese pavilion at the 1998 world exhibition EXPO'98.
		+
		+	[[File:Sitemap008.jpg\|thumb\|Site Map (Filipe Castro, 2001)]]

	In 1999 and 2000 the remains of its hull were excavated by the Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática, with the support of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology / Texas A&M University.		In 1999 and 2000 the remains of its hull were excavated by the Centro Nacional de Arqueologia Náutica e Subaquática, with the support of the Institute of Nautical Archaeology / Texas A&M University.

Kelby.rose: /* Introduction */

2010-12-06T19:16:50Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:16, 6 December 2010
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	Image:Timbersimage001.jpg		Image:Timbersimage001.jpg
	Image:IMG0076.jpg		Image:IMG0076.jpg
−	~~Image:Astrolabio1-1.jpg~~
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Kelby.rose: /* Introduction */

2010-12-06T19:11:13Z

Introduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:11, 6 December 2010
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	<gallery caption="The Pepper Wreck 1996-98 field season (photos: Filipe Castro, Francisco Alves, and Augusto Salgado)" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3">		<gallery caption="The Pepper Wreck 1996-98 field season (photos: Filipe Castro, Francisco Alves, and Augusto Salgado)" widths="180px" heights="120px" perrow="3">
−	Image:Sjb01.jpg.	+	Image:Sjb01.jpg
	Image:Timbersimage001.jpg		Image:Timbersimage001.jpg
	Image:IMG0076.jpg		Image:IMG0076.jpg