ANTH 613: CLASSICAL SEAFARING

Spring 2009 / Mondays 3:30-6:20 pm / ANTH 130

Deborah Carlson, Ph.D.

 

Instructor: Deborah Carlson, Nautical Archaeology Program, Dept. of Anthropology

Office Hours: Tuesdays and Wednesdays 11:30 am -12:30 pm, or by appointment

Office: Anthropology 117 / Tel: 862-1208 / E-mail: dnc@tamu.edu

 

I.         Course Schedule

         

(1)

Jan 26

Introduction

 

(2)

Feb 2

Iron Age Seafaring: Greeks and Phoenicians

 

 

Feb 9

No class (make-up TBD)

 

(3)

Feb 16

Colonization and the Archaic Economy

 

(4)

Feb 23

Greeks and Etruscans: East and West

paper #1 due

(5)

Mar 2

Greek Harbors and Shipsheds

review #1 due

(6)

Mar 9

Fleets of the Athenian Empire

 

 

Mar 16

Spring Break

 

(7)

Mar 23

Classical Shipwrecks

 

(8)

Mar 30

Hellenistic Rhodes and Delos

paper #2 due

(9)

Apr 6

Navigation and Exploration

review #2 due

(10)

Apr 13

Trade and the Roman Economy

 

(11)

Apr 20

High Commerce and Specialty Cargoes

 

(12)

Apr 27

Mare Nostrum: Defending the Empire

 

(13)

May 4

Roman Harbors and Harbor Construction

paper # 3 due

(14)

TBD

Review, discussion, evaluations, etc.

review #3 due

 

I.         Course Structure

 

          Our primary goal for this seminar is to explore the evidence (archaeological, literary, iconographic, and epigraphic) for seafaring in the Mediterranean from the Iron Age until the Roman Empire.  Our secondary goal is to locate this evidence within a framework of broader historical developments (trade, commerce, economy, defense, technology, culture).  For some of you, this course will require additional reading of a supplementary nature (see V).  Each class will begin with a general historical introduction and a discussion of assigned readings from primary sources.  This will be followed by 4-5 oral student presentations and additional discussion of the material presented.  Everyone in class is expected to a) complete the weekly background readings, b) arrive prepared, and c) participate in these discussions.

 

III.      Course Requirements

 

A.       Research Papers

          Instead of one large 25-30 page research paper, students in this seminar will be expected to write three smaller “theme papers” each 6-10 pages in length.  The focus of each paper will be based on material from one of three broad categories of evidence: (a) archaeological, (b) literary, or (c) iconographic.  Students must prepare one paper from each of the three theme groups, but the order in which they are submitted is up to you.

 

          The shorter length (6-10 pages) of the three theme papers necessitates the selection of tightly-focused topics.  Papers are expected to be well researched, thoughtfully written, and carefully edited.  Papers will follow the citation format of the American Journal of Archaeology (AJA) as prescribed at www.ajaonline.org.  Each paper will count toward 15% of your final grade.

 

Suggested topics for theme papers include:

 

Archaeological

Any excavated material that pertains to seafaring, such as an individual shipwreck, a shipwrecked assemblage, a portion of a cargo, an amphora type, a harbor, a piece of ship’s equipment, a construction feature (fasteners, wood types), specific personal objects from shipwrecks, etc.

Literary

Any written material that pertains to seafaring, including accounts of battles, voyages (mythical or historical), dedicatory inscriptions (as on some anchor stocks), mercantile graffiti, inventories, catalogs of ships, epitaphs, poems and odes, literary themes (the ship of state), etc.

Iconographic

Any material evidence that illustrates seafaring life, such as harbors, ship types, crews, cargoes, and rigging, as depicted in frescoes and vase paintings, relief sculptures, votive models, mosaics, graffiti, and coins, etc.

 

          Evidence of plagiarism will result in a failing grade.  As commonly defined, plagiarism consists of passing off as one’s own the words, writings, data or ideas of another without due credit.  Plagiarism is one of the worst academic sins, for the plagiarist destroys the trust among colleagues without which research cannot be safely communicated.  For more on plagiarism, academic honesty and integrity, see: http://aggiehonor.tamu.edu.

 

          On the due date (February 23, March 30, or May 4), bring to class two copies of your theme paper.  On one paper, write your name, the date, the paper’s title and general theme (archaeological, literary, or iconographic, preferably included in the document header next to the page number).  The other copy should include the title, date, and theme but not your name.

 

B.       Peer Reviews

          In the same way that plagiarism destroys trust between colleagues, anonymous peer review enhances the quality and accuracy of the data and ideas shared among colleagues.  In this course, each student will review three theme papers, assessing content and the author’s style, syntax, presentation of the evidence, and use of sources.  Reviews should be typed on a single page and will be turned in, in class, one week after receipt of the paper (i.e. on March 2, April 6, May 11).  Like the theme papers, bring to class two copies of your review: one with your name and one without.  Each review will count toward 5% of your final grade.

 

C.       Presentations

          Each student will prepare 5-7 oral classroom presentations during the course of the semester.  These reports should be illustrated and move from the general to the specific; students are encouraged to prepare and distribute supplementary handouts.  As the assigned readings in the syllabus are listed in alphabetical order, it will be up to the presenter to organize his/her material most effectively.  The ability to organize and present data coherently is the key to success in delivering oral reports and writing research papers. Students are welcome to include additional sources in their presentations, but not to the exclusion of assigned bibliography.

 

IV. Grades

Final grades in this course will be calculated according to the following formula:

 

Theme papers (due Feb 23, March 30, May 4)

45%

Peer reviews (due March 2, April 6, May 11)

15%

Presentations (top 5) & participation

40%

 

          The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal anti-discrimination statute that provides comprehensive civil rights protection for persons with disabilities.  Among other things, this legislation requires that all students with disabilities be guaranteed a learning environment that provides for reasonable accommodation of their disabilities.  If you believe you have a disability requiring an accommodation, please contact the Department of Student Life, Services for Students with Disabilities in Room B118 of Cain Hall, or call 845-1637.

 

V. Suggested Reference Works

 

General Reference

Cambridge Ancient History   D57 C252 1970 (Ref.)

Oxford Classical Dictionary   DE5 O92 2003 (Ref.)

Paulys Real-encyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft  DE5 P33 1958 (Ref.)

·         Cancik, H. and H. Schneider. Brill's New Pauly (electronic access through Evans)

Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World   G1033 B3 2000 (Map)

Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites    DE59 P7 1976 (Ref.)

Lexicon Topographicum Urbis Romae       DG63 L49 1993

DeGrummond, N.  Encyclopedia of the history of classical archaeology  DE5 E5 1996 (Ref.)

Hansen, M.H. and T.H. Nielsen, An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis  DF222.2 H36 2004

 

Literary Resources

Austin, M.M. and P. Vidal-Naquet.  1977.  Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece.     HC37 A8813 1977a

Austin, M.M.  1981.  The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A

Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation.                   DF235 A1 H44

Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. PA31 H69 1993 (Ref.)

Crawford, M. and D. Whitehead.  1983.  Archaic and Classical Greece: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation.    DF12 C7 1983

Loeb Classical Library includes copies of all major Greek and Latin texts with facing page      translations in English. Some of the translations are rather dated, as the series began publishing in the early 1900s. Copies are available in both the Evans stacks and in the Reference area.  Greek texts, all bound in green start at call number PA3611; the         red-bound Latin texts begin with call number PA6156.

Meijer, F. and O. Van Nijf.  1992.  Trade, Transport, and Society in the Ancient World: A       Sourcebook.                   HF373 M45 1992

Meiggs, R. and D. Lewis.  1999.  A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions to the End of the         Fifth Century B.C.            CN360 S45 1988

Tod, M.  1985.  Greek historical inscriptions: from the sixth century B.C. to the death of       Alexander the Great in 323 B.C.      DF209.5 G65 1985

 
Archaeological Resources

Biers, W.  1992.  Art, Artefacts, and Chronology in Classical Archaeology.        DE60 B48

Hayes, J.  1997.  Handbook of Mediterranean Roman Pottery.   DE61 P66 H39 1997

Illsley, J.  1996. An indexed bibliography of underwater archaeology and related topics.

Morrison, J.S. and R.T. Williams. 1968. Greek Oared Ships: 900-322 B.C.  London.

Parker, A.J.  1992.  Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean & the Roman Provinces.

Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique (Chronique des Fouilles en Grèce)         DF10 B9

 
Internet Resources

Perseus Digital Library                   http://www.perseus.tufts.edu

The AMPHORAS Project                 http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/amphoras/cgi-bin/well

Greek Ministry of Culture               http://www.culture.gr/2/21/toc/index.html

Athenian Agora Excavations           http://www.agathe.gr/index.html

Beazley Archive                           http://www.beazley.ox.ac.uk

Oxford Roman Economy Project     http://oxrep.classics.ox.ac.uk

 

Abbreviations (n.b.: All journal abbreviations follow those listed in AJA guidelines)

ACG    Archaic and Classical Greece: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation, by M. Crawford and D. Whitehead.  Oxford: Cambridge University Press (1983). 

AG      The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels since Pre-Classical Times, edited by R. Gardiner and J. Morrison.  London: Naval Institute Press (1995).

AGC    The Archaeology of Greek Colonisation, edited by G.R. Tsetskhladze and F. De Angelis.  Oxford: University Committee for Archaeology Monograph 40 (1994).

CEA    Il Commercio Etrusco Arcaico, Atti dell’Incontro di Studio, 5-7 dicembre 1983.  Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (1985).

CM     Classical Marble: Geochemistry, Technology, Trade, edited by N. Herz and M. Waelkens (1988).

CRAI   Comptes rendus de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres

ESH    Economic and Social History of Ancient Greece, by M.M. Austin and P. Vidal

Naquet.  Berkeley: University of California (1977).

GO     The Greeks Overseas, by J. Boardman.  New York: Thames and Hudson, 4th ed        (1999). 

HR      Hellenistic Rhodes: Politics, Culture, and Society, edited by V. Gabrielsen et al.,

(1999).

MI      Le musée imaginaire de la marine antique, by L. Basch.  Athens (1987).

MM     Mariner’s Mirror

MWAR The Maritime World of Ancient Rome, edited by R. Hohlfelder (2008).

SSAW  Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World, by L. Casson (1995, 2nd ed.)

TTA    Trade, Traders, and the Ancient City, edited by H. Parkins and C. Smith (1998).

Feb 2              Iron Age Seafaring: Greeks and Phoenicians

 

Background

Primary source: Homer Odyssey 5.228-390

SSAW  43-60, 71-6; MI 155-201.

Ballard, R.D. et al.  2002.  “Iron Age Shipwrecks in Deep Water off Ashkelon, Israel.”  AJA

          106:151-68.

Morris, I.  2000.  Archaeology as Cultural History: Words and Things in Iron Age Greece,      195-238 (The Past, the East, and the Hero of Lefkandi).

 

The Phoenicians and Their Ships

Bartoloni, P. 1988. “Ships and Navigation.” In The Phoenicians, ed. by S. Moscati, 72-77.

Basch, L.  1969.  “Phoenician Oared Ships.”  MM 55: 139-62, 227-45.

Basch, L.  1971.  “The Ships of Luli, King of Tyre and Sidon.”  MM 57: 326-29.

Lloyd, A.B. 1975. “Were Necho's Triremes Phoenician?” JHS 95: 45-61.

Negueruela, I. et al. 1995. “Seventh-Century B.C. Phoenician Vessel Discovered at Playa de

          la Isla, Mazarron, Spain,” IJNA 24: 189-97.

 

Ships in Geometric Art

Ahlberg, G.  1971.  Fighting on Land and Sea in Greek Geometric Art.  Stockholm.

Wallinga, H.  1995.  “The Ancestry of the Trireme,” in AG, 36-44.

Williams, R.T. 1958. “Early Greek Ships of Two Levels.” JHS 78: 120-30.

 

The Introduction of the Ram

Mark, S. 2008. “The Earliest Naval Ram,” IJNA 37: 253–72.

Van Doorninck, F.H.  1982. “Protogeometric Longships and the Introduction of the Ram,”     IJNA 11: 277-86.

 

Homeric Ships

SSAW  217-19.

Casson, L.  1964.  “Odysseus’ Boat,” AJP 85: 61.

Casson, L.  1992.  “Odysseus’ Boat (Od. 5.244-53),” IJNA 21: 73-4.

Mark, S.  1991.  “Odyssey 5.234-53 and Homeric Ship Construction: A Reappraisal,” AJA

95: 441-45.

Mark, S.  1996.  “Odyssey 5.234-53 and Homeric Ship Construction: A Clarification.”  IJNA

25: 46-8.

 

Feb 9              No class

 

Feb 16           Colonization and the Archaic Economy

 

Background

Primary source: Herodotus Histories 1.163-167; 2.178-179

ACG pp. 52-65; GO passim.

Graham, A.J.  1990.  “Pre-colonial Contacts: Questions and Problems.”  In Greek Colonists    and Native Populations, edited by J.-P. Descoeudres, 45-60.

Sherratt, S. and A. 1993. “The Growth of the Mediterranean Economy in the Early First

          Millennium B.C.,” World Archaeology 24: 361-78.

 

Greeks on the Black Sea

Carpenter, R.  1948.  “Greek Penetration of the Black Sea.”  AJA 52: 1-10.

Greaves, A. 2007. “Milesians in the Black Sea: Trade, Settlement, and Religion.” In The Black Sea in Antiquity, edited by V. Gabrielsen and J. Lund, 9-21.

Tsetskhladze, G.R.  1994.  “Greek Penetration of the Black Sea.”  In AGC, 111-35.

 

Greeks in the West

D’Agostino, B.  1990.  “Relations between Campania, Southern Etruria, and the Aegean.”  In

Greek Colonists and Native Populations, edited by J.-P. Descoeudres, 73-86.

Osborne, R.  1998.  “Early Greek colonization?  The nature of Greek settlement in the West.”  In Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence, edited by N. Fisher and H. van Wees, 251-70.

                   

Trade and Traders

Foxhall, L.  1997.  “Cargoes of the Heart’s Desire: the character of trade in the archaic Mediterranean world.”  In Archaic Greece, edited by N. Fisher and H. van Wees, 295-309.  London.

Reed, C.M.  2003.  Maritime Traders in the Ancient Greek World, 6-14.  Cambridge.

Starr, C.G.  1977.  "The Rise of Overseas Trade," in Economic and Social Growth of Early      Greece, 55-78.

 
Lead Letters
ESH 220-23

Chadwick, J. 1973.  “The Berezan Lead Letter.”  PCPS 199: 35-7.

Chadwick, J.  1990.  “The Pech-Maho lead.”  ZPE 82: 161-6.

Somolinos, H.R.  1996.  “The Pech-Maho lead: a new interpretation.”  ZPE 111: 74-8.

 

 

Feb 23           Greek and Etruscans: East and West

 

Background
Primary source: Hesiod Works and Days 618-694
SSAW  169-82.

Cartledge, P.  2002.  “The economy (economies) of ancient Greece.”  In The Ancient

Economy, edited by W. Scheidel and S. von Reden, 11-32.  Edinburgh.

Morley, N. 2007. “Commodities and Consumption,” in Trade in Classical Antiquity, 35-54.

 

The Vessels

Greene, E.S., M.L. Lawall, and M.E. Polzer. 2008. “Inconspicuous Consumption: The Sixth-Century B.C. Shipwreck at Pabuç Burnu, Turkey.” AJA 112: 685-711.

Panvini, R.  2001.  The archaic Greek ship at Gela and preliminary exploration of a second     Greek shipwreck.  Palermo: Sciascia.

Pomey, P.  1995.  "Les Épaves Greques et Romaines de la Place Jules-Verne à Marseille." In Comptes Rendus des Séances de l'Année 1995 (Avril-Juin), 459-84.  Paris: Académie des Inscription & Belles-Lettres.

 
The Cargoes

Gill, D.W.J.  1994.  “Positivism, pots and long-distance trade.”  In Classical Greece: ancient histories and modern archaeologies, edited by I. Morris, 99-107.  Cambridge UP.

Long, L., J. Miro, and G. Volpe.  1992.  “Les Épaves Archaïques de la Pointe Lequin (Porquerolles, Hyères, Var).”   In Marseille Grecque et la Gaule, Etudes Massaliètes 3, edited by M. Bats, G. Bertucchi, G. Conges, and H. Treziny, 199-234.

 
Pots as Commodities

Boardman, J.  1988.  “Trade in Greek Decorated Pottery.”  OJA 7: 27-33.

Johnston A.W.  1985.  “Etruscans in the Greek vase trade?”  In CEA, 249-255.

Osborne, R.  1996.  “Pots, trade, and the archaic Greek economy.”  Antiquity 70.1: 31-44.

 

Etruscan Seafarers..?

Bound, M.  1991.  “The Giglio Wreck: A Wreck of the Archaic Period (c. 600 BC) off the Tuscan Island of Giglio.”  Enalia Suppl. 1.  Athens: Hellenic Institute of Marine Archaeology.

Long, L., L.-F. Gantès, and P. Drap.  2002.  “Premiers résultats sur l’épave Grand Ribaud F.”           Cahiers d’Archéologie Subaquatique, 5-40.

 

 

Mar 2           Greek Harbors and Shipsheds               

 

Background

Primary source: Xenophon Ways and Means 3.1-3.14

SSAW  361-70.

Blackman, D.  1982.  “Ancient harbours in the Mediterranean.  Part I.”  IJNA 11: 79-104.

Hansen, M.H.  1997.  “Emporion: A Study of the Use and Meaning of the Term in the Archaic and Classical Periods.”  In Yet More Studies in the Ancient Greek Polis, edited by T.H. Nielsen, 83-105.  Stuttgart.

 

Greek Mainland

Garland, R.  1987.  The Piraeus From the Fifth to the First Century B.C.  Ithaca.

Rothaus, R. 1995.  “Lechaion, Western Port of Corinth: A Preliminary Archaeology and          History.” OJA 14: 293-306.

 
Northern Greece

Archontidou-Argyri A., A. Simossi, and J.-Y. Empereur, 1989. “The underwater excavation

at the ancient port of Thasos, Greece.”  IJNA 18: 51-59.

Lianos N.A., 1999.  "The area of the ancient closed port of Thasos (A preliminary report).”

Tropis V: 261-72.

 

Aegean Islands

Simossi, A. 1991. “Underwater excavation research in the ancient harbour of Samos: September-October 1988.” IJNA 20: 281-98.

Williams, H. 2007. “The harbours of ancient Lesbos,” in Krinoi kai Limenai: Studies in Honor of Joseph and Maria Shaw, edited by P. Betancourt, M.C. Nelson, and H. Williams.      Philadelphia.

 

Crete

Frost, F. 1998.  “Tectonics and History at Phalasarna,” in Res Maritimae Proceedings of the   second international symposium, "Cities on the Sea," Nicosia, 1994 107-15.  Atlanta.

Frost, F. and E. Hadjidaki. 1990. “Excavations at the Harbor of Phalasarna in Crete,”   Hesperia 59: 513-27.

Hadjidaki, E. 1988. “Preliminary Report of Excavations at the Harbor of Phalasarna in West

          Crete,” AJA 92: 463-79.

 

Shipsheds

Blackman, D.  1987.  “Triremes and Shipsheds.”  Tropis II: 35-52.

Blackman, D.  1995.  “Naval Installations.”  In AG, 224-33.

Blackman, D. 1996.  “New Evidence for Ancient Ship Dimensions.”  Tropis IV: 113-25.

Blackman, D. and M.C Lentini.  2003. “The Shipsheds of Sicilian Naxos, Researches 1998-2001: A Preliminary Report.” BSA 98: 389-436.

Mar 9             Fleets of the Athenian Empire

 
Background
Primary source: Aeschylus Persians 353-432
SSAW  60-5, 77-96.

Tilley, A.F.  1990.  “Warships of the Ancient Mediterranean.” American Neptune 50: 192-200.

Wallinga, H.T.  1993.  Ships and Sea-Power Before the Great Persian War: the Ancestry of the Ancient Trireme.  Leiden.

 

Development of the Fleet

De Souza, P.  1998. “Towards Thalassocracy?  Archaic Greek naval developments.” In Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence, edited by N. Fisher and H. van Wees, 271-94.

Papalas, A.  2000.  “Athenian Naval Power in the Sixth Century: The Development of a Trireme Fleet.”  MM 86: 387-400.

 

Vessels

Coates, J.F.  1995.  “The Naval Architecture and Oar Systems of Ancient Galleys.”  In AG,

127-41.

Morrison, J.S.  1995.  “The Trireme.”  In AG, 49-65.

Morrison, J.S., J.F. Coates, and N.B. Rankov.  2000. The Athenian Trireme, 191-275.  Cambridge, 2nd ed.

 

Trierarchy

Blackman, D.  1969.  “The Athenian Navy and Allied Naval Contributions in the Pentacontetia.”  GRBS 10: 179-216.

Gabrielsen, V.  1994.  Financing the Athenian Fleet: Public Taxation and Social Relations, 19-39.  Baltimore.

 
Crew

Casson, L.  1995.  “The Feeding of the Trireme Crews and an Entry in IG ii 2 1631.”  TAPA

          125: 261-69.

Gabrielsen, V.  1994.  Financing the Athenian Fleet: Public Taxation and Social Relations, 105-25.  Baltimore.

 

Graham, A.J.  1992.  “Thucydides 7.13.2 and the Crews of Athenian Triremes.”  TAPA 122: 257-70.

 
Tactics

Holladay, A.J.  1988.  “Further Thoughts on Trireme Tactics.”  Greece and Rome 35: 149-51.

Lazenby, J.F.  1987.  “The Diekplous.”  Greece and Rome 37: 169-85.

Strauss, B.  2000.  “Democracy, Kimon, and the Evolution of Athenian Naval Tactics in the Fifth Century B.C.”  In Polis & Politics: Studies in Ancient Greek History, edited by P. Flenstead-Jensen, T.H. Nielsen, and L. Rubinstein, 315-26.  Copenhagen.

Whitehead, I.  1987.  “The Periplous.”  Greece and Rome 34: 178-85.

 

Mar 16           Spring Break

 

Mar 23           Classical Shipwrecks       

 

Background

Primary source: Old Oligarch (or pseudo-Xenophon), Constitution of the Athenians 2.1-14

De Ste. Croix, G.E.M.  1954-5.  “The Character of the Athenian Empire.” Historia 3: 1-41.

Lawall, M.L. 1998.  “Ceramics and positivism revisited: Greek transport amphoras and history.”  In TTA, 75-101.

Meiggs, R.  1975.  The Athenian Empire, 23-41; 255-72.  Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Reed, C.M.  2003.  Maritime Traders in the Ancient Greek World, 15-26.  Cambridge.

 

Alonnesos

Hadjidaki, E. 1996. “Underwater Excavations of a Late Fifth Century Merchant Ship at Alonnesos, Greece: the 1991-1993 Seasons.”  BCH 120: 561-93.

Mantzouka, E. 2004. The Transport Amphoras from a Fifth-Century Shipwreck found off the Island of Alonnesos, Northern Sporades, Greece. Ph.D., East Carolina University.

 

Tektaş Burnu

Carlson, D.N.  2003. “The Classical Greek Shipwreck at Tektaş Burnu, Turkey.”  AJA

107: 581-600.

Cook, J.M. 1961.  “The Problem of Classical Ionia.” PCPS 187: 9-18.

Osborne, R.  1999.  “Archaeology and the Athenian Empire.”  TAPA 129: 319-32.

 

Ma’agan Mikhael

Black, E., ed.  2003.  The Ma’agan Mikhael Ship: The Recovery of a 2400-Year-Old

Merchantman.  Haifa: University of Haifa and Israel Exploration Society. 

Stieglitz, R.R.  2006.  “Classical Greek Measures and the Builder’s Instruments from the         Ma‘agan Mikhael Shipwreck.”  AJA 110: 195-203.

 

Porticello

Eiseman, C.J. and B.S. Ridgway.  1987.  The Porticello Shipwreck. TAMU Press.

Gill, D.W.J.  1987.  “The date of the Porticello shipwreck: Some observations on the Attic bolsals.”  IJNA 16: 31-33.

Lawall, M.  1998b. “Bolsals, Mendean amphoras, and the date of the Porticello shipwreck.”  IJNA 27: 16-23.

 
The Ahiqar Scroll

Yardeni, A. 1994. “Maritime Trade and Royal Accountancy in an Erased Customs Account from 475 B.C.E. on the Ahiqar Scroll from Elephantine.”  BASOR 293: 67-78.

 

 

Mar 30           Hellenistic Rhodes and Delos

 

Background

Primary source: Athenaeus Deipnosophistae 5.40-44

Casson, L.  1954.  “The Grain Trade of the Hellenistic World.”  TAPA 85: 168-87.

Gabrielsen, V.  1997.  The Naval Aristocracy of Hellenistic Rhodes.  Aarhus.

Gibbins, D.  2001.  "Shipwrecks and Hellenistic Trade." In Hellenistic Economies, edited by

          Z. Archibald, 273-312. New York: Routledge.

 

Polyremes

SSAW  97-135.

Casson, L.  1958.  “Hemiolia and Triemiolia.”  JHS 78: 14-18.

Morrison, J.S.  1980.  “Hemiolia, Trihemiolia.” IJNA 9: 121-26.

Morrison, J.S.  1995.  “Hellenistic Oared Ships 399-31 BC.”  In AG, 66-77.

 

Rams

Casson, L. and J.R. Steffy. 1991. The Athlit Ram.  TAMU Press.

Murray, W.M.  1996.  “The Weight of Trireme Rams and the Price of Bronze in Fourth

-Century Athens.”  GRBS 26: 141-50.

 

The Rhodian Commercial Boom

Lund, J.  1999.  “Rhodian Amphorae in Rhodes and Alexandria as Evidence of Trade,” in

HR, 187-204.

Rauh, N.  1999.  “Rhodes, Rome, and the Eastern Mediterranean Wine Trade 165-88 B.C.,”

          In HR, 162-86.

 

Kyrenia

Swiny, H.W. and M.L. Katzev.  1973.  “The Kyrenia Shipwreck: A Fourth-Century B.C.

Greek Merchant Ship.”  In Marine Archaeology, ed. D. Blackman, 339-59.

Steffy, J.R. 1985.  “The Kyrenia Ship: An Interim Report on its Hull Construction.”  AJA 89: 71-101.

           

 

Apr 6              Navigation and Exploration

 

Background

Primary source: Periplus Maris Erythraei 1-18

SSAW  270-299.

Morton, J. 2001. The Role of the Physical Environment in Ancient Greek Seafaring, 143-215. Brill.

 

Antikythera Mechanism

Bromley, A.G. 1990. “The Antikythera Mechanism: A Reconstruction.” Horological Journal      133: 28-31.

De Solla Price, D. 1974. “Gears from the Greeks: The Antikythera Mechanism — A calendar   computer from ca. 80 BC.” TAPS 64.7: 5-70.

Freeth, T., A. Jones, J.M. Steele, and Y. Bitsakis. 2008. “Calendars with Olympiad display and         eclipse prediction on the Antikythera Mechanism.” Nature 454: 614-17.

Wright, M.T. 2007. “The Antikythera Mechanism Reconsidered.” Interdisciplinary Science       Reviews 32: 27-43.

 

The North Atlantic

Cunliffe, B. 2002. The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek.  Penguin.

Freeman, P. 2001. Ireland and the Classical World, 28-34.

Whitaker, I. 1982.  “The Problem of Pytheas’ Thule.” CJ 77: 148-64.

 
Africa

Oikonomides, A.N. 1977. Hanno the Carthaginian: Periplus or Circumnavigation. Chicago:      Ares.

 
The Red Sea

Casson, L.  1989.  The Periplus Maris Erythraei.  Princeton: Princeton UP.

Sidebotham, S. 2008. “Archaeological Evidence for Ships and Harbor Facilities at Berenike,    Egypt,” in MWAR, 305-24.

 

 

Apr 13            Trade and the Roman Economy

 

Background

Primary source: Acts of the Apostles 27

Gassend, J.M., B. Liou, and S. Ximénès.  1984.  “L’épave 2 de l’Anse des Laurons.”    Archeonautica 4: 75-105.

Parker, A.J. 2008. “Artifact Distributions and Wreck Locations,” in MWAR, 177-96.

Pomey, P.  1982.  “Le navire romain de la Madrague de Giens.”  CRAI: 133-54.

Rickman, G. 2008. “Ports, Ships, and Power in the Roman World,” in MWAR, 5-22.

 

Merchants

D'Arms, J.H.  1981.  Commerce and social standing in ancient Rome, 149-71.  Cambridge.

Morley, N. 2007. “Markets, Merchants, and Morality,” in Trade in Classical Antiquity, 79-89.

Rauh, N.K. 2003. Merchants, sailors and pirates in the Roman world.  Charleston, S.C.:

Tempus.

 

Shipping Containers: Use and Reuse

Panella, C. and A. Tchernia. 2002 “Agricultural Products Transported in Amphorae: Oil and     Wine,” in The Ancient Economy, edited by W. Scheidel, 173-89.

Peacock, D.P.S. 1986. Amphorae and the Roman Economy.

Peña, J.T. 2007. Roman Pottery in the Archaeological Record, 39-118. Cambridge.

 
Ship Size

Pomey, P. and A. Tchernia 1978. “Le tonnage maximum des navires de commerce romains.”           Archaeonautica 2: 233-52.

Wallinga, T. 1964. “Nautika (I): The Unit of Capacity for Ancient Ships.” Mnemosyne 17: 1-   40.

 

Economy

Bonnano, A. 1990. “Aspects of the socio-economic structure of Roman maritime commerce,”         in PACT 27: Le Commerce Maritime des Romains, Actes du Symposium organisé  à      Barcelone, mai 1988, à la Mémoire de N. Lamboglia, edited by T. Hackens and M. Miro, 47-56.

Garnsey, P. and R. Saller. 1987. The Roman Empire: Economy, Society, and Culture.

Greene, K. 1986. The Archaeology of the Roman Economy, 9-44.  Berkeley.

 

 

Apr 20            High Commerce and Specialty Cargoes

 

Background

Primary source: Lucian Navigium 5-9

Fant, C. 2008. “Quarrying and Stoneworking,” in The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and

           Technology in the Classical World, edited by J.P. Oleson, 121-35.  Oxford.

Young, G.K.  2001.  Rome's eastern trade: international commerce and imperial policy, 31

          BC-AD 305, 1-26.  Routledge.

 

The Grain Trade

Erdkamp, P. 2005. The Grain Market in the Roman Empire: A Social, Political and Economic   Study, 143-205. Cambridge.

Rickman, G.E.  1980.  “The Grain Trade under the Roman Empire,” in J.H. D’Arms and E.C.

Kopff, eds., The Seaborne Commerce of Ancient Rome: Studies in Archaeology and History, MAAR 36: 261-275.

Rickman, G.E.  1980.  The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome.  New York: Clarendon.

 

The Marble Trade

Arnaud, P. 2007. “Diocletian’s Prices Edict: The Prices of Seaborne Transport and the Average Duration of Maritime Travel.” JRA 20: 321-36.

Waelkens, M. et al. 1988. “Quarries and the Marble Trade in Antiquity,” in CM, 11-28.

Walker, S. 1988. “From West to East: Evidence for a Shift in the Balance of Trade in White    Marbles,” in CM, 187-95.

Ward-Perkins, J.B. 1992. Marble in Antiquity: Collected Papers of J.B. Ward-Perkins.    London: British School at Rome.

 

The Art Market

Hellenkemper-Salies, G., H.-H. von Prittwitz, G. and G. Bauchhenss.  1994.  Das Wrack:

          der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia.  Köln.

Green, P. 1990.  “Late Hellenistic Art, 150-30: The Mass Market in Nostalgia,” in Alexander     to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age, 566-85. Berkeley.

 

Eastern Exotica

Begley, V. and R. De Puma.  1991. Rome and India: the ancient sea trade.  Madison.

Miller, J.I.  1969.  The spice trade of the Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641.  Clarendon.

Peacock, D. and D. Williams. 2006. Food for the Gods: New Light on the Ancient Incense     Trade. Oxbow.

 

 

Apr 27            Mare Nostrum: Defending the Empire

 

Background

Primary source: Polybius Histories I.20-24

SSAW 141-47.

Rankov, B. 1995. “Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 B.C.-A.D. 324,” in AG, 78-85.

Rankov, B. 2008. “Roman Shipsheds and Roman Ships,” in MWAR, 51-70.

Starr, C.G.  1989.  The Influence of Sea Power on Ancient History, 67-81.  Oxford.

 

The Punic Wars

Basch, L. 1997. “Note: The Punic Ship, An Obituary.” IJNA 26: 79-81.

Libourel, J.M.  1973.  “Galley Slaves in the Second Punic War.”  CP 68: 116-19.

Thiel, J.H. 1954. A History of Roman Sea Power before the Second Punic War, 63-100.         Amsterdam.

 

Tactical Inventions

Wallinga, H.T. 1956. The Boarding Bridge of the Romans: Its Construction and Its Function

          in the Naval Tactics of the First Punic War.  Groningen.

Workman-Davies, B. 2006. Corvus: A Review of the Design and Use of the Roman Boarding Bridge During the First Punic War 264 -241 B.C. Tempus.

 

Imperial Navy

Meijer, F. 1986. “Maritime Policy in the Roman Empire,” in A History of Seafaring in the         Classical World, 211-36.

Saddington, D.B. 2007. “Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets,” in A    Companion to the Roman Army, edited by P. Erdkamp, 201-17.

Starr, C.G.  1960. The Roman Imperial Navy, 31 B.C.-A.D. 324.  Cambridge: 2nd ed.

 

Piracy

Dell, H.J. 1967. “The Origin and Nature of Illyrian Piracy.” Historia 16: 344-58.

De Souza, P.  2008. “Rome’s Contribution to the Development of Piracy,” in MWAR, 71-96.

Ormerod, H.  1967.  Piracy in the ancient world; an essay in Mediterranean history.  Chicago.

Rauh, N.K.  2003.  Merchants, sailors and pirates in the Roman world.  Tempus.

 

 

May 4             Roman Harbors and Harbor Construction

 

Background

Primary source: Josephus Antiquitates Judaicae 15.334-338; Bellum Judaicum 411-413

Blackman, D. J. 2008. “Sea Transport: Harbors,” in The Oxford Handbook of Engineering and

           Technology in the Classical World, edited by J.P. Oleson, 638-72.  Oxford.

Houston, G.W.  1988.  “Ports in perspective: Some Comparative Materials on Roman           Merchant Ships and Ports.”  AJA 92: 553-64.

Oleson, J.P.  1988.  “The technology of Roman harbors,” IJNA 17: 147-57.

 

Cosa

McCann, A.M.  1987.  The Roman Port and Fishery of Cosa.  Princeton.

Gazda, E.K.  2001.  “Cosa’s Contribution to the Study of Roman Hydraulic Concrete: An

Historiographic Commentary.”  In New light from ancient Cosa: Classical

Mediterranean studies in honor of Cleo Rickman Fitch, edited by N.W. Goldman, 145-77.

 

Caesarea

Brandon, C., S. Kemp, and M. Grove, “Pozzolana, lime, and single-mission barges,” in K.

Holum, J. Patrich, and A. Raban, eds., Caesarea Papers 2, JRA Supplement 35

(Portsmouth 1999) 169-78.

Oleson, J.P. and G. Branton.  1992.  “The technology of King Herod’s Harbour,” in R.L. Vann,         ed., Caesarea Papers (Ann Arbor) 49-67.

 

Ostia…

Casson, L.  1965.  “Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome.”  JRS 55: 31-39.

Frank, T.  1934.  “The People of Ostia,” CJ 29: 481-93.

Meiggs, R.  1973.  Roman Ostia.  Oxford: Oxford UP, 2nd ed.

 

…and Portus

Keay, S., M. Millett, and K. Strutt. 2008. “Recent Archaeological Survey at Portus,” in MWAR,          97-104.

Rickman, G.E. 1996. “Portus in Perspective.”  In 'Roman Ostia' revisited: archaeological and   historical papers in memory of Russell Meiggs, edited by A.G. Zevi and A. Claridge,        281-91.  London.

Testaguzza, O. 1970.  Portus.  Rome.