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Medieval
Seafaring in the Mediterranean
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Anthropology 618
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Readings
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General
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Hourani, A. A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1991.
Le Goff, J., Medieval Civilization 400-1500. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2000.
Ostrogorsky, G. History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick,
NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969.
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Further
Reading
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Bass, G.F. A History of Seafaring; Based on Underwater Archaeology,
London: Thames and Hudson, 1972.
Braudel, Fernand.
The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World
in the Age of Philip II, 2 Vols.,
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.
Collins, R. Early Medieval Europe 300-1000. New York: St
Martin's Press, 1999.
Hill, D. A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times.
LaSalle: Open Court Publishing Company, 1984.
Holmes, G., ed., The Oxford Illustrated History
of Medieval Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988.
Jordan, W. C., Europe in the High Middle Ages. New York: Viking Penguin, 2003.
Lewis, A. R., and T. J. Runyan, European Naval
and Maritime History, 300-1500. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
1985.
McEvedy, C., The
New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. New
York: Penguin Books, 1992.
Randsborg, K. The First Millenium A.D. in Europe and the Mediterranean.
Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press, 1991.
Riley-Smith, J., Atlas of the Crusades. New York: Facts on File, 1991.
Rogers, W.L., Naval Warfare under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries.
Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990.
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Case
Studies
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Week 1: Introduction
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Week 2: Late Roman or Early
Byzantine Period
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1. Late Antiquity
and the East-West split: from Diocletian to Theodosius (284-395 AD).
Cameron, A. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: 395-600. London: Routledge, 1993.
Casson, L. Ships
and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973.
Garnsey, P. and R. Saller. The Roman Empire. Economy, Society and Culture.
Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987.
Jones, A.H.M. The Later Roman Empire
284-602. A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey. Oxford, B. Blackwell, 1964.
Landels, J.G. Engineering in the Ancient
World. Berkeley, University of California
Press, 1978.
Treadgold, Warren, A Concise History of Bizantium.
New York: Palgrave, 2001.
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2. Madrague de Giens
Pomey,
P. "Le navire romain de la Madrague de Giens." Paris:
CRAI (1982): 133-154.
Rival, M. La charpenterie naval
romaine: Materiaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris:
CNRS, 1991,
147-239.
Tchernia, A., P. Pomey, and A. Hesnard.
L'épave romaine de la Madrague de Giens (Var) (Campagnes 1972-1975). Gallia Supplement 24.
Paris, 1978.
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3. Pointe de la Luque B
Clerc, J.-P. and J.C. Negrel, "Prémiers
resultats de la campagne de fouilles 1971 sur l'épave B de la Pointe de la Luque." Cahiers d'Archéologie
Subaquatique 2 (1973): 61-71.
Liou, B. "Direction des recherches archéologiques
sous-marines." Gallia 31 (1973): 571-608.
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4. The wreck
at La Bourse de Marseilles
Gassend, J.-M. and J.-P. Cuomo, "Un acquis recent des récherches
d'architecture navale: la `construction alternée' des navires antiques." VI
Congreso Internacional de Arqueologia Submarina, Cartagena 1982, pp. 343-350.
Gassend, J.-M. L'épave antique du Lacydon. Marseilles 1982.
Gassend, J.-M. "La construction navale antique
de type alterné: exemple d'un mode de construction." Tropis I. H Tzalas (ed.) Proceedings from the 1st Symposium of Ship Construction
in Antiquity. Piraeus: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, 1985, 115-127.
Rival, M. La charpenterie naval
romaine: Materiaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris:
CNRS, 1991, 245-265.
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5. Yassiada II and Dramont F.
Bass, G.F., and F.H. van Doorninck, Jr. "A 4th-century
wreck at Yassi Ada," AJA 75 (1971) 27-46.
van Doorninck, Jr., F.H. "The 4th-Century Wreck at Yassi
Ada. An Interim Report on the Hull," IJNA 5 (1976): 115-131.
Joncheray, J.-P. "Une épave du Bas Empire: Dramont F." Cahiers d'Archéologie Subaquatique
4 (1975): 91-140.
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Week 3: Late Roman or Early
Byzantine Period
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6. From Theodosius
to Heraclius (379-641 AD).
The merchant world in the Mediterranean.
Brunt, P. (ed). The Roman Economy. Oxford, 1974.
Garnsey, P., K. Hopkins, and C.R. Whittaker (eds.). Trade in the Ancient Economy. London: The Hogarth Press, 1983.
Greene, K. The Archaeology of the
Roman Economy. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1986.
Treadgold, Warren A Concise History of Byzantium.
New York: Palgrave, 2001.
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7. Port-Vendres I
Liou, B. "L'épave romaine de l'anse
Gerbal à Port-Vendres." Comptes rendus, Academie
des Instriptions et Belles-Lettres (1974):
414-433.
Rival, M. La charpenterie naval
romaine: Materiaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris:
CNRS, 1991, 267-296.
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8. Sebastos
and Portus
Brandon, C. "The Concrete-Filled Barges
of King Herod's Harbor of Sebastos." Res Maritimae:
Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity (ASOR Archaeological Reports 4). Atlanta, 1994, 45-58.
Holum, K., R. Hohlfelder, R.J. Bull and A. Raban. King Herod's Dream: Caesarea on the Sea. New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988.
Raban, A. The Harbours of Caesarea Maritima: Results of the Caesarea Ancient
Harbour Excavation Project, 1980-1985 I: The Site and the Excavations.
BAR International Series 491. Oxford, 1989.
Raban, A. "Sebastos:
The Royal Harbor at Caesarea Maritima- a Short-Lived Giant," IJNA 21
(1992) 111-124.
Testaguzza, O. Portus: Illustrazione dei porti di Claudio
e Traiano e della citta' di Porto a Fiumicino. Rome, 1970.
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9. Laws concerning
maritime trade, contracts, obligations, customs and harbour fees.
Ashburner, W. "Sources of the Rhodian Sea
Law," in The Rhodian Sea Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909: 27-90.
Justinian, The
Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia, 1985, 47.9,
14.1-14.2.
Justinian, The
Digest of Roman Law. New York: Penguin Books,
1979: 7-10.
Goffart, W. Caput and Colonate: Towards
a History of Late Roman Taxation. Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 1974.
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10. The Army's
needs. Canals. Road systems.
Campbell, B. The Roman Army 31 B.C.-A.D.
337: A Source Book. London: Routledge, 1994.
Coello, T. Unit Sizes in the Late
Roman Field Army. BAR International Series
645, Oxford, 1996.
Cromwell, R. The Rise and Decline of
the Late Roman Field Army. Shippensburg: White
Mane Publishing Co. Inc., 1998.
Davies, R. Service in the Roman Army. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989.
Peddie, J. The Roman War Machine. Gloucestershire: A. Sutton, 1994.
Southern, P. and K.R. Dixon. The Late Roman Army. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
Treadgold, W. Byzantium and its Army
284-1081. Stanford: Stanford University Press,
1995.
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Week 4: Late Roman or Early
Byzantine Period
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11. Urban
demands. Bulk
cargoes: grain, and building materials. Amphoras: Wine,
oil, and fish sauce.
Bakirtzis, Ch. "Byzantine amphorae." In Recherches sur la céramique byzantine, V.
Déroche and J.-M. Spieser, eds. Bulletin de Correspondence
Hellénique, Supplement 18 (1989): 74-77.
Hass, C. Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
Hayes, J.
Late Roman Pottery. London: British School at Rome, 1972.
Hodges, R. Dark Age Economics: The
origins of towns and trade A.D. 600-1000.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982.
Joncheray, J.-P. Nouvelle classification
des amphores decouvertes lors des fouilles sous-marines. Frejus, 1976.
Jones, A.H.M. Decline of the Ancient
World. London: Longman Inc., 1966.
Liebeschuetz, J. Antioch: City and Imperial Administration in the Later
Roman Empire.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
Manacorda, D. and C. Panella. "Anfore." In The Inscribed Economy: Production
and Distribution in the Roman Empire in Light of "instrumentum domesticum, ed. W. Harris.
Ann Arbor,: University of Michigan, 1993: 55-64.
Meigs, R. Roman Ostia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973 (2nd ed.).
Peacock, D.P.S. and D.F. Williams. Amphorae and the Roman
economy: an introductory guide. London: Longman Inc., 1986.
Rickman, G. The Corn Supply of Ancient
Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
Sirks, A. Food
for Rome. Amsterdam: J. C. Giegen, 1991.
Whittaker, C.R. Land, City and Trade in
the Roman Empire. Brookfield, VT: Variorum
Reprints, 1993.
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12. Luxury
cargoes.
Miller, J.I. The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
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13. Isis
Ballard, R. D. and R. Archbold. The Lost Wreck of the Isis. New York: Madison Press Books, 1990.
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14. The Skerki
Bank wrecks
Ballard, R., et. al. "The Discovery of Ancient History in the Deep Sea Using Advanced Deep
Submerge Technology," Deep-Sea Research I 47 (2000), 1591-1620.
McCann, A.M. and J. Freed. Deep Water Archaeology: A Late-Roman Ship from Carthage and an Ancient Trade Route near Skerki Bank off Northwest Sicily (JRA Supplementary Series No. 13). Ann Arbor, MI: Oxbow Books, 1994.
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15. Ship
size
Parker, A.J. Ancient Shipwrecks of
the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces. BAR International Series 580. Oxford: Hadrian Books, 1992.
Pomey, Patrice La navigation dans l'Antiquite.
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Week 5: Late Roman or Early
Byzantine Period
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16. Security
in the seas. The Mediterranean in the 3rd to 5th centuries.
Notitia
Dignitatum.
Rodgers, W.L. Greek and Roman Naval
Warfare. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press,
1983.
Rankov, B. "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324." In The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. R Gardiner (ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85.
Zosimus, New
History. Canberra: Australian Association
for Byzantine Studies, 1982, II and V, 20.
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17. Piracy. Roman biremes.
Liburnians.
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship in
the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1970.
Hocker, F. "Late Roman, Byzantine, and
Islamic Galleys and Fleets," in The Age of
the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.) Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute
Press, 1995: 86-100.
Hockmann, O. "The Liburnian: Some Observations and Insights," IJNA 26 (1997) 192-216.
Panciera, S. "Liburna," Epigraphica 18 (1956) 130-156.
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18. The ancient-medieval
transition and the competition for maritime dominance.
Ostrogorsky, G. History of the Byzantine
State. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers
University Press, 1969.
Treadgold, W. A History of the Byzantine
State and Society. Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press, 1997.
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19. Naval
campaigns in the wars of Constantine.
Rodgers, W.L. Naval Warfare Under Oars
4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics
and Ship Design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute
Press, 1983.
Rankov, B. "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324." In The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. R Gardiner (ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85.
Zosimus, New
History. Canberra: Australian Association
for Byzantine Studies, 1982, II and V, 20.
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20. The fleet
of Anastasius.
Rodgers, W.L. Naval Warfare Under Oars
4th to 16th Centuries: A Study of Strategy, Tactics
and Ship Design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute
Press, 1983.
Rankov, B. "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324." In The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. R Gardiner (ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85.
Zosimus, New
History. Canberra: Australian Association
for Byzantine Studies, 1982, II and V, 20.
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Week 6: Byzantines and Arabs
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21. Umayyad
(661-750 AD) and Abbasid (750-1258 AD) Caliphates.
Hourani, A. A History of the Arab
Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1991.
Long, P.O. (Ed). Science and Technology
in Medieval Society. Annals of the New York Academy
of Sciences 441.
New York, 1985.
Kennedy, Hugh The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. New York: Longman Inc., 1986.
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22. Transition from shell to skeleton: Tantura
A, Yassiada I and Saint Gervais II.
Al-Hassan, A. Y., and D.
R. Hill, Islamic Technology: an illustrated
history. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1986.
Bass, G. and F. van Doornink,
Yassi Ada: A Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1982.
Constable, O. R., Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain:
The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Steffy, J.R. Wooden
Shipbuilding and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1994, pp.
79-85.
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23. The hull
of the Bozburun shipwreck.
Hocker, F.M. and M.P. Scafuri. "The Bozburun Byzantine Shipwreck
Excavation: 1996 Campaign," INA Quarterly 23.4 (1996) 3-9.
Harpster, M. The Bozburun Hull. Paper presented at Tropis
VII, Pylos, 1999.
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24. Serçe Limani and Tantura F shipbuilding.
Bass,
G.F. and van Doorninck, F.H. "An 11th Century Shipwreck at Serçe Liman, Turkey," IJNA 7 (1978) 119-132.
Runnels, C. "The
Rotary Querns," INA
Newsletter
15.3 (1988) 30-31.
Steffy, J.R. Wooden
Shipbuilding and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks. College
Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1994, pp.
85-91.
Kahanov, Y. and J.G. Royal. "The 1995 INA/CMS Tantura
A Byzantine Shipwreck Excavation - Hull Construction Report," C.M.S. News 23 (December 1996)
21-23.
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25. The "Saracen"
wrecks: Estéou, Agay A and B, Batéguier. Tantura B shipwreck.
Darmoul, A. "Les épaves sarrasines. Contribution à l'étude des techniques de construction navales musulmanes et méditerranéenes,"
in L'Homme Méditerranéen la Mer. M. Galley and L. Ladjimi
Sebai, eds. Tunis, 1985, pp. 152-165.
Jézégou, Marie-Pierre,
et al., "Les
épaves sarrasines d'Agay et de Cannes" Archeologia (1997), 337:32-39.
Joncheray, J.P. "Researches off Saint Raphaël
and Cannes, 1973", INJA 3 (1974) 327-328.
Joncheray, J.P. "1974 Excavations at the
Wrecks of Bataiguier (Early Middle Ages) and Bon Porté," INJA 5 (1976) 87-89.
Kahanov, Y. and S. Breitstein. "A Preliminary Study of the
Hull Remains," INA Quarterly 22.2 (1995) 9-13.
Kahanov, Y. and S. Breitstein. "Tantura Excavation 1994: A Preliminary Report on the Wood," C.M.S. News 22 (August 1995).
Wachsmann, S. "Technology Before its Time: A Byzantine Shipwreck from Tantura Lagoon," The Explorers Journal 74/1 (1996)
19-23.
Wachsmann, S. and Y. Kahanov. "Shipwreck Fall: the INA/CMS Joint Expedition
to Tantura Lagoon, Israel," INA Quarterly 24.4 (1997) 3-18.
Wachsmann, S., Y. Kahanov, and J.
Hall. "The
Tantura B Shipwreck: The
1996 INA/CMS Joint Expedition to Tantura Lagoon," INA Quarterly
24.4 (1997) 3-15.
Wachsmann, S. and K. Raveh "A Concise Nautical History of Dor/Tantura," IJNA 13 (1984)
223-241.
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Week 7: Byzantines and Arabs
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26. East
and West. The Arab Mediterranean during the Abbasid period (750-1258 AD).
Hourani, A. A History of the Arab
Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press,
1991.
R. Tomber, "Quantitative approaches to the investigation of long-distance
exchange." Journal of Roman Archaeology 6 (1993): 142-148.
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27. Iconographic
evidence and rigs.
Lateen rigging.
Basch, Lucien "L'apparition de la voile
latine en mediterranée," Techniques
et économie antiques et médiévales: le temps de l'innovation. Colloque international (C.N.R.S.) Meeks, Dimitri and Garcia, Dominique (Eds.), Paris: Editions
Errance, 1997.
Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship in
the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton Unversity
Press, 1973.
Casson, L. "Origins of the Lateen,"
American Neptune 31 (1071) pp. 49-51.
Dimmock, L. "The Lateen Rig," Mariner's Mirror 32 (1946) pp.
35-41.
Hocker, F. "Late Roman, Byzantine, and
Islamic Galleys and Fleets," in The Age of
the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.) Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute
Press 1995: 86-100.
Hourani, G. Arab Seafaring in the
Indian Ocean in ancient and Medieval Times. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 1986 (revised ed.)
Lane, F.C. Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders
of the Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1992 (reprint of 1934 ed.)
Pryor, J.H. "From Dromon to Galea: Mediterranean Bireme Galleys AD 500-1300," in Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.) Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1995: 101-116.
Pryor, J.H "The Mediterranean Round
Ship," in Cogs, Caravels and Galleons, R. Gardiner, (ed). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute
Press, 1994: 59-76.
van Doorninck, Jr., F.H. "Byzantium, Mistress of the
Sea: 330-641," in A History of Seafaring, G.F.
Bass, (ed.) London: Thames and Hudson, 1972, pp. 133-158.
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28. Military
and civilian supply and demand.
Hodges, R. Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600-1000.
New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982.
Brubaker, L., ed. Byzantium in the Ninth
Century: Dead or Alive? New York: Cambridge University
Press, 1999
Collins, R. Early Medieval Europe
300-1000. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999.
Haldon, J. State, Army and Society
in Byzantium. Brookfield, VT: Variorum,
1995.
Kaegi, Jr., W. Army, Society and Religion
in Byzantium. London: Variorum Reprints,
1982.
Miller, T. and J. Nesbit, eds. Peace and War in Byzantium. Washington, D.C.: Catholic
University of America Press, 1995.
Rostovzeff, M. The Social and Economic
History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1957.
TreadGold, W. The Byzantine Revival
780-842. Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press 1988.
TreadGold, W. Byzantium and its Army
284-1081. Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press, 1995.
Dolley, R. "The Warships of the Later
Roman Empire," Journal of Roman Studies 38 (1948) 47-53.
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29. Government
intervention/involvement in maritime exchange. The role of the Church.
Ostrogorsky, G. History of the
Byzantine Church.
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30. Laws
concerning maritime trade.
Ashburner, W. "Sources of the Rhodian Sea
Law," in The Rhodian Sea Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909.
Justinian, The
Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia: 1985, 47.9,
14.1-14.2.
Justinian, The
Digest of Roman Law. New York: Penguin Books,
1979: 7-10.
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Week 8: Byzantines and Arabs
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31. The Mediterranean
World in the 8th and 9th centuries. Western Europe. Eastern Europe.
Northern Europe. The Muslim world.
Fahmy, A.M. Muslim Sea Power in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Seventh to the Tenth Century A.D.. Cairo: National Publication & Print. House,
1966.
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