Medieval Seafaring in the Mediterranean

Anthropology 618

Readings

General

Hourani, A.  A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. Le Goff, J., Medieval Civilization 400-1500. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2000. Ostrogorsky, G.  History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969.

Further Reading

Bass, G.F.  A History of Seafaring; Based on Underwater Archaeology, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972. Braudel, Fernand.  The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 Vols., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Collins, R.  Early Medieval Europe 300-1000. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Hill, D.  A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. LaSalle: Open Court Publishing Company, 1984. Holmes, G., ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Jordan, W. C., Europe in the High Middle Ages. New York: Viking Penguin, 2003. Lewis, A. R., and T. J. Runyan, European Naval and Maritime History, 300-1500. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985. McEvedy, C., The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. New York: Penguin Books, 1992. Randsborg, K.  The First Millenium A.D. in Europe and the Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press, 1991. Riley-Smith, J., Atlas of the Crusades. New York: Facts on File, 1991. Rogers, W.L.,  Naval Warfare under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990.

Case Studies

Week 1: Introduction

Week 2: Late Roman or Early Byzantine Period

1. Late Antiquity and the East-West split: from Diocletian to Theodosius (284-395 AD). Cameron, A. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: 395-600. London: Routledge, 1993. Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. Garnsey, P. and R. Saller.  The Roman Empire.  Economy, Society and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Jones, A.H.M.  The Later Roman Empire 284-602.  A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey.  Oxford, B. Blackwell, 1964. Landels, J.G.  Engineering in the Ancient World.  Berkeley, University of California Press, 1978. Treadgold, Warren,  A Concise History of Bizantium. New York: Palgrave, 2001.   2. Madrague de Giens Pomey, P. "Le navire romain de la Madrague de Giens."  Paris: CRAI (1982): 133-154. Rival, M.  La charpenterie naval romaine: Materiaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris: CNRS, 1991, 147-239. Tchernia, A., P. Pomey, and A. Hesnard.  L'épave romaine de la Madrague de Giens (Var) (Campagnes 1972-1975).  Gallia Supplement 24.  Paris, 1978.   3. Pointe de la Luque B Clerc, J.-P. and J.C. Negrel, "Prémiers resultats de la campagne de fouilles 1971 sur l'épave B de la Pointe de la Luque."  Cahiers d'Archéologie Subaquatique 2 (1973): 61-71. Liou, B. "Direction des recherches archéologiques sous-marines."  Gallia 31 (1973): 571-608.   4. The wreck at La Bourse de Marseilles Gassend, J.-M. and J.-P. Cuomo, "Un acquis recent des récherches d'architecture navale: la `construction alternée' des navires antiques."  VI Congreso Internacional de Arqueologia Submarina, Cartagena 1982, pp. 343-350. Gassend, J.-M. L'épave antique du Lacydon.  Marseilles 1982. Gassend, J.-M.  "La construction navale antique de type alterné: exemple d'un mode de construction."  Tropis I. H Tzalas (ed.) Proceedings from the 1st Symposium of Ship Construction in Antiquity. Piraeus: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, 1985, 115-127. Rival, M.  La charpenterie naval romaine: Materiaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris: CNRS, 1991, 245-265.   5. Yassiada II and Dramont F. Bass, G.F., and F.H. van Doorninck, Jr. "A 4th-century wreck at Yassi Ada," AJA 75 (1971) 27-46. van Doorninck, Jr., F.H. "The 4th-Century Wreck at Yassi Ada.  An Interim Report on the Hull," IJNA 5 (1976): 115-131. Joncheray, J.-P. "Une épave du Bas Empire: Dramont F."  Cahiers d'Archéologie Subaquatique 4 (1975): 91-140.

Week 3: Late Roman or Early Byzantine Period

6. From Theodosius to Heraclius (379-641 AD).  The merchant world in the Mediterranean. Brunt, P. (ed).  The Roman Economy.  Oxford, 1974. Garnsey, P., K. Hopkins, and C.R. Whittaker (eds.).  Trade in the Ancient Economy.  London: The Hogarth Press, 1983. Greene, K.  The Archaeology of the Roman Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Treadgold, Warren  A Concise History of Byzantium. New York: Palgrave, 2001.   7. Port-Vendres I Liou, B. "L'épave romaine de l'anse Gerbal à Port-Vendres."  Comptes rendus, Academie des Instriptions et Belles-Lettres (1974): 414-433. Rival, M.  La charpenterie naval romaine: Materiaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris: CNRS, 1991, 267-296.   8. Sebastos and Portus Brandon, C.  "The Concrete-Filled Barges of King Herod's Harbor of Sebastos." Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity (ASOR Archaeological Reports 4).  Atlanta, 1994, 45-58. Holum, K., R. Hohlfelder, R.J. Bull and A. Raban.  King Herod's Dream: Caesarea on the Sea.  New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988. Raban, A.   The Harbours of Caesarea Maritima: Results of the Caesarea Ancient Harbour Excavation Project, 1980-1985 I: The Site and the Excavations.  BAR International Series 491.  Oxford, 1989. Raban, A.  "Sebastos: The Royal Harbor at Caesarea Maritima- a Short-Lived Giant," IJNA 21 (1992) 111-124. Testaguzza, O.  Portus: Illustrazione dei porti di Claudio e Traiano e della citta' di Porto a Fiumicino.  Rome, 1970.   9. Laws concerning maritime trade, contracts, obligations, customs and harbour fees. Ashburner, W.  "Sources of the Rhodian Sea Law," in The Rhodian Sea Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909: 27-90. Justinian, The Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia, 1985, 47.9, 14.1-14.2. Justinian, The Digest of Roman Law. New York: Penguin Books, 1979: 7-10. Goffart, W.  Caput and Colonate: Towards a History of Late Roman Taxation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974.   10. The Army's needs.  Canals.  Road systems. Campbell, B.  The Roman Army 31 B.C.-A.D. 337: A Source Book. London: Routledge, 1994. Coello, T.  Unit Sizes in the Late Roman Field Army. BAR International Series 645, Oxford, 1996. Cromwell, R.  The Rise and Decline of the Late Roman Field Army. Shippensburg: White Mane Publishing Co. Inc., 1998. Davies, R.  Service in the Roman Army. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. Peddie, J.  The Roman War Machine. Gloucestershire: A. Sutton, 1994. Southern, P. and K.R. Dixon.  The Late Roman Army. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Treadgold, W.  Byzantium and its Army 284-1081. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.

Week 4: Late Roman or Early Byzantine Period

11. Urban demands. Bulk cargoes: grain, and building materials. Amphoras: Wine, oil, and fish sauce. Bakirtzis, Ch. "Byzantine amphorae."  In Recherches sur la céramique byzantine, V. Déroche and J.-M. Spieser, eds.  Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique, Supplement 18 (1989): 74-77. Hass, C.  Alexandria in Late Antiquity:  Topography and Social Conflict. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Hayes, J.  Late Roman Pottery. London: British School at Rome, 1972. Hodges, R.  Dark Age Economics: The origins of towns and trade A.D. 600-1000. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. Joncheray, J.-P.  Nouvelle classification des amphores decouvertes lors des fouilles sous-marines.  Frejus, 1976. Jones, A.H.M.  Decline of the Ancient World. London: Longman Inc., 1966. Liebeschuetz, J.  Antioch: City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire.  Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. Manacorda, D. and C. Panella.  "Anfore."  In The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in Light of "instrumentum domesticum, ed. W. Harris.  Ann Arbor,: University of Michigan, 1993: 55-64. Meigs, R.  Roman Ostia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973 (2nd ed.). Peacock, D.P.S. and D.F. Williams.  Amphorae and the Roman economy: an introductory guide.  London: Longman Inc., 1986. Rickman, G.  The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Sirks, A. Food for Rome. Amsterdam: J. C. Giegen, 1991. Whittaker, C.R.  Land, City and Trade in the Roman Empire.  Brookfield, VT: Variorum Reprints, 1993.   12. Luxury cargoes. Miller, J.I.  The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.   13. Isis Ballard, R. D. and R. Archbold.  The Lost Wreck of the Isis. New York: Madison Press Books, 1990.   14. The Skerki Bank wrecks Ballard, R., et. al.  "The Discovery of Ancient History in the Deep Sea Using Advanced Deep Submerge Technology," Deep-Sea Research I 47 (2000), 1591-1620. McCann, A.M. and J. Freed.  Deep Water Archaeology:  A Late-Roman Ship from Carthage and an Ancient Trade Route near Skerki Bank off Northwest Sicily (JRA Supplementary Series No. 13). Ann Arbor, MI: Oxbow Books, 1994.   15. Ship size Parker, A.J.  Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces.  BAR International Series 580.  Oxford: Hadrian Books, 1992. Pomey, Patrice  La navigation dans l'Antiquite.

Week 5: Late Roman or Early Byzantine Period

16. Security in the seas. The Mediterranean in the 3rd to 5th centuries. Notitia Dignitatum. Rodgers, W.L.  Greek and Roman Naval Warfare. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1983. Rankov, B. "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324."  In The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. R Gardiner (ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85. Zosimus, New History. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1982, II and V, 20.   17. Piracy.  Roman biremes.  Liburnians. Casson, L.  Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Hocker, F.  "Late Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets," in The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.)  Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 86-100. Hockmann, O.  "The Liburnian:  Some Observations and Insights,"  IJNA 26 (1997) 192-216. Panciera, S.  "Liburna,"  Epigraphica 18 (1956) 130-156.   18. The ancient-medieval transition and the competition for maritime dominance. Ostrogorsky, G.  History of the Byzantine State.  New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969. Treadgold, W.  A History of the Byzantine State and Society.  Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997.   19. Naval campaigns in the wars of Constantine. Rodgers, W.L.  Naval Warfare Under Oars 4th to 16th Centuries:  A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1983. Rankov, B. "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324."  In The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. R Gardiner (ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85. Zosimus, New History. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1982, II and V, 20.   20. The fleet of Anastasius. Rodgers, W.L.  Naval Warfare Under Oars 4th to 16th Centuries:  A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1983. Rankov, B. "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324."  In The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. R Gardiner (ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85. Zosimus, New History. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1982, II and V, 20.

Week 6: Byzantines and Arabs

21. Umayyad (661-750 AD) and Abbasid (750-1258 AD) Caliphates. Hourani, A.  A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. Long, P.O. (Ed).  Science and Technology in Medieval Society.  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 441.  New York, 1985.  Kennedy, Hugh  The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. New York: Longman Inc., 1986.   22. Transition from shell to skeleton: Tantura A, Yassiada I and Saint Gervais II. Al-Hassan, A. Y., and D. R. Hill, Islamic Technology: an illustrated history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Bass, G. and F. van Doornink, Yassi Ada: A Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1982. Constable, O. R., Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Steffy, J.R.  Wooden Shipbuilding and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1994,  pp. 79-85.   23. The hull of the Bozburun shipwreck. Hocker, F.M. and M.P. Scafuri.  "The Bozburun Byzantine Shipwreck Excavation:  1996 Campaign," INA Quarterly 23.4 (1996) 3-9. Harpster, M.  The Bozburun Hull.  Paper presented at Tropis VII, Pylos, 1999.   24. Serçe Limani and Tantura F shipbuilding. Bass, G.F.  and van Doorninck, F.H.  "An 11th Century Shipwreck at Serçe Liman, Turkey," IJNA 7 (1978) 119-132. Runnels, C.  "The Rotary Querns," INA Newsletter 15.3 (1988) 30-31. Steffy, J.R.  Wooden Shipbuilding and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks.  College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1994,  pp. 85-91. Kahanov, Y. and J.G. Royal.  "The 1995 INA/CMS Tantura A Byzantine Shipwreck Excavation - Hull Construction Report," C.M.S. News 23 (December 1996) 21-23.   25. The "Saracen" wrecks:  Estéou, Agay A and B, Batéguier. Tantura B shipwreck. Darmoul, A.  "Les épaves sarrasines.  Contribution à l'étude des techniques de construction navales musulmanes et méditerranéenes," in L'Homme Méditerranéen la Mer.  M. Galley and L. Ladjimi Sebai, eds.  Tunis, 1985, pp. 152-165. Jézégou, Marie-Pierre,  et al., "Les épaves sarrasines d'Agay et de Cannes" Archeologia (1997), 337:32-39. Joncheray, J.P.  "Researches off Saint Raphaël and Cannes, 1973", INJA 3 (1974) 327-328. Joncheray, J.P.  "1974 Excavations at the Wrecks of Bataiguier (Early Middle Ages) and Bon Porté," INJA 5 (1976) 87-89. Kahanov, Y. and S. Breitstein.  "A Preliminary Study of the Hull Remains," INA Quarterly 22.2 (1995) 9-13. Kahanov, Y. and S. Breitstein.  "Tantura Excavation 1994:  A Preliminary Report on the Wood,"  C.M.S. News 22 (August 1995). Wachsmann, S.  "Technology Before its Time:  A Byzantine Shipwreck from Tantura Lagoon," The Explorers Journal 74/1 (1996) 19-23. Wachsmann, S. and Y. Kahanov.  "Shipwreck Fall:  the INA/CMS Joint Expedition to Tantura Lagoon, Israel," INA Quarterly 24.4 (1997)  3-18. Wachsmann, S., Y. Kahanov, and J. Hall.  "The Tantura B Shipwreck:  The 1996 INA/CMS Joint Expedition to Tantura Lagoon," INA Quarterly 24.4 (1997)  3-15. Wachsmann, S. and K. Raveh  "A Concise Nautical History of Dor/Tantura," IJNA 13 (1984)  223-241.

Week 7: Byzantines and Arabs

26. East and West.  The Arab Mediterranean during the Abbasid period (750-1258 AD). Hourani, A.  A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. R. Tomber, "Quantitative approaches to the investigation of long-distance exchange." Journal of Roman Archaeology 6 (1993): 142-148.   27. Iconographic evidence and rigs.  Lateen rigging. Basch, Lucien  "L'apparition de la voile latine en mediterranée," Techniques et économie antiques et médiévales: le temps de l'innovation.  Colloque international (C.N.R.S.) Meeks, Dimitri and Garcia, Dominique (Eds.), Paris: Editions Errance, 1997. Casson, L.  Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World.  Princeton: Princeton Unversity Press, 1973. Casson, L.  "Origins of the Lateen," American Neptune 31 (1071) pp. 49-51. Dimmock, L. "The Lateen Rig," Mariner's Mirror 32 (1946) pp. 35-41. Hocker, F.  "Late Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets," in The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.)  Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1995:  86-100. Hourani, G.  Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in ancient and Medieval Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986 (revised ed.) Lane, F.C.  Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992 (reprint of 1934 ed.) Pryor, J.H.  "From Dromon to Galea:  Mediterranean Bireme Galleys AD 500-1300," in Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.) Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1995: 101-116. Pryor, J.H  "The Mediterranean Round Ship," in Cogs, Caravels and Galleons, R. Gardiner, (ed).  Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994: 59-76. van Doorninck, Jr., F.H.  "Byzantium, Mistress of the Sea:  330-641," in A History of Seafaring, G.F. Bass, (ed.)  London: Thames and Hudson, 1972, pp. 133-158.   28. Military and civilian supply and demand. Hodges, R.  Dark Age Economics:  The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600-1000.  New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. Brubaker, L., ed.  Byzantium in the Ninth Century:  Dead or Alive?  New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Collins, R.  Early Medieval Europe 300-1000. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Haldon, J.  State, Army and Society in Byzantium.  Brookfield, VT: Variorum, 1995. Kaegi, Jr., W.  Army, Society and Religion in Byzantium.  London: Variorum Reprints, 1982. Miller, T. and J. Nesbit, eds.  Peace and War in Byzantium.  Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1995. Rostovzeff, M.  The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957. TreadGold, W.  The Byzantine Revival 780-842. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1988. TreadGold, W.  Byzantium and its Army 284-1081. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995. Dolley, R.  "The Warships of the Later Roman Empire," Journal of Roman Studies 38 (1948) 47-53.   29. Government intervention/involvement in maritime exchange.  The role of the Church.             Ostrogorsky, G. History of the Byzantine Church.   30. Laws concerning maritime trade. Ashburner, W.  "Sources of the Rhodian Sea Law," in The Rhodian Sea Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909. Justinian, The Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia: 1985, 47.9, 14.1-14.2. Justinian, The Digest of Roman Law. New York: Penguin Books, 1979: 7-10.

Week 8: Byzantines and Arabs

31. The Mediterranean World in the 8th and 9th centuries.  Western Europe.  Eastern Europe.  Northern Europe.  The Muslim world. Fahmy, A.M. Muslim Sea Power in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Seventh to the Tenth Century A.D.. Cairo: National Publication & Print. House, 1966. Fahmy, A.M.  Muslim Naval Organization in the Eastern Mediterranean from the 7th to the 10th AD.  Cairo: National Publication & Print. House, 1966. Procopius.  History of the Wars III-IV (the Vandal and Gothic wars).   32. Dromons and the re-emergence of "naval policy" Dolley, R. "The Warships of the Later Roman Empire."  Journal of Roman Studies 38 (1948): 47-53. Fahmy, A.M. Muslim Sea Power in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Seventh to the Tenth Century A.D.. Cairo: National Publication & Print. House, 1966. Fahmy, A.M.  Muslim Naval Organization in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Seventh to the Tenth Century AD.  Cairo: National Publication & Print. House, 1966. Procopius.  History of the Wars III-IV (the Vandal and Gothic wars). Pryor, J.H. "From Byzantine dromon to medieval galley," in Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.) Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1995. Treadgold, W.  Byzantium and its Army 284-1081. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995. Alertz, U.  "Ein Graffito aus Malaga-ein Dromon Leos VI?"  Das Logbuch 31 (1995) 60-66. van Doorninck, Jr., F.H.  "Did 10th Century Dromons have a Waterline Ram?  Another Look at Leo, Tactica, XIX, 69,"  Mariner's Mirror 79 (1993) 387-392. Harpster, M.  Shipbuilding and Trade in the Eastern Mediterranean During the 7th Century:  Possible Effects of the Muslim Invasion.  Unpublished M.A. Thesis, University of St. Andrews, 1997.   33. The Byzantine themal system of defense Dain, A., ed.  Naumachica.  Paris, 1943.  (F. Van Doorninck, trans.) Jenkins, R.  Byzantium, the Imperial Centuries AD 610-1071.  London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966. Lewis, A.R. and T.J. Runyan.  European Naval and Maritime History 300-1500.  Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985. Lewis, A.R.  Naval Power and Trade in the Mediterranean AD 500-1100.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951. Miles, G.C.  "Byzantium and the Arabs:  Relations in Crete and the Aegean Area," Dumbarton Oaks Papers 18 (1964) 3-32. Ostrogorsky, G.  History of the Byzantine State.  Oxford: New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1956. Toynbee A.  Constantine Porpyrogenitus and his World.  New York: Oxford University Press, 1973.   34. Prepared fire Casson, L. Ships and seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1970. Partington, J.R. A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 Rodgers, W. Naval Warfare Under Oars: 4th to 16th Centuries.  Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1982. Turtledove, H. (trans.) The Chronicle of Theophanes.  Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982.   35. Leo's Tactica.  Ramming? Prepared fire             Gardiner, R., ed.  The Age of the Galley.  London, 1995. Fahmy, A.M. Muslim Sea Power in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Seventh to the Tenth Century A.D.. Cairo: National Publication & Print. House, 1966. Gardiner, R., (ed). The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995. Partington, J.R. A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 Turtledove, H. (trans.) The Chronicle of Theophanes.  Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982. Leo's Tactica; Book XIX of the Tactica of Leo VI (886-912).

Week 9: Byzantines and Arabs

36. Who were the seafarers - personal possessions from shipwrecks.  Life aboard in the year 1000. Bass, G. and F. van Doornink, Yassi Ada: A Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck. College Station, Texas A&M University Press, 1982. van Doorninck, Jr., F.H. "The 4th-century wreck at Yassi Ada.  An interim report on the hull," IJNA 5 (1976): 115-131. F.H. van Doorninck, Jr.  "The cargo amphoras on the 7th-Century Yassi Ada and 11th-century Serçe Limani shipwrecks: Two examples of a reuse of Byzantine amphoras as transport jars."  In Recherches sur la céramique byzantine, V. Déroche and J.-M. Spieser, eds.  Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique, Supplement 18 (1989): 247-257.   37. The cargo of the Yassiada I ship. van Doorninck, F.H., Jr.  "The cargo amphoras on the 7th-Century Yassi Ada and 11th-century Serçe Limani shipwrecks: Two examples of a reuse of Byzantine amphoras as transport jars."  In Recherches sur la céramique byzantine, V. Déroche and J.-M. Spieser, eds.  Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique, Supplement 18 (1989): 247-257.   38. The cargo of the Bozburun ship. Hocker, F.M.  "Cargo Stowage, Jettison and Wreck Formation Process:  Information on Middle Byzantine Commerce from the Ninth Century Bozburun Shipwreck," Archeologia delle Acque 1.2 (1999) 28-38. Borgens, Amy   39. The cargo of the Serçe Limani ship. Bass, G.F.  "Glass treasure from the Aegean," National Geographic Magazine 153.6 (1978) 768-793. Bass, G.F.  "The Nature of the Serçe Limani Glass," Journal of Glass Studies 26 (1984) 64-69. Bass, G.F.  "The Serçe Limani Glass," INA Newsletter 15.3 (1988) 10-13. van Doorninck, Jr., F.H.  "The cargo amphoras on the 7th-century Yassi Ada and 11th-century Serçe Limani shipwrecks: Two examples of a reuse of Byzantine amphoras as transport jars."  In Recherches sur la céramique byzantine, V. Déroche and J.-M. Spieser, eds.  Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique, Supplement 18 (1989): 247-257. van Doorninck, F.H.  "The Amphoras:  Old Jars from the North," INA Newsletter 15.3 (1988) 22-23. van Doorninck, F.H.  "The Cargo:  Diverse and Partly Unknown,"  INA Newsletter 15.3 (1988) 4-9. van Doorninck, F.H.  "The Serçe Limani Shipwreck:  An 11th-Century Cargo of Fatimid Glassware Cullet for Byzantine Glassmakers," in 1st International Anatolian Glass Symposium:  April 26th-27th, 1988.  Istanbul:, 1990, pp. 58-63.   40. The cargo of the Saracen wrecks. Arnaud, G., A. Ascenzi, E. Bonucci, and G. Graziani.  "On the Problem of the Preservation of Human Bone in Sea Water," IJNA 9 (1980) 53-65. Jézégou, Marie-Pierre,  et al., "Les épaves sarrasines d'Agay et de Cannes" Archeologia (1997), 337:32-39. Joncheray, J.P.  "Researches off Saint Raphaël and Cannes, 1973", INJA 3 (1974) 327-328. Joncheray, J.P.  "1974 Excavations at the Wrecks of Bataiguier (Early Middle Ages) and Bon Porté," INJA 5 (1976) 87-89. Visquis, A.G.  "Premier inventaire du mobilier de l'épave des jarres à Agay," Cahiers d'Archéologie Subaquatique 2 (1973) 157-166. Ximenes, Serge, "Etude preliminaire de l'épave sarrasine du rocher de l'Estéou," Cahiers de Archéologie Subaquatique (1976) 5:139-150.

Week 10: Byzantines, Arabs and Vikings

41. The Mediterranean World in the 10th and 11th centuries.  Western Europe.  Eastern Europe.  Northern Europe.  The Muslim world. Lewis, Archibald Ross, Medieval Society in Southern France and Catalonia. London: Variorum Reprints, 1984. McEvedy, Colin, The Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. London: Penguin Books, 1992. Meiggs, R., Trees and Timber in the Ancient Mediterranean World. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1982. Thirgood, J. V., Man and the Mediterranean Forest: A history of resource depletion. New York: Academic Press, 1981.   42.  From the desert to the sea: navigation and navigational instruments Ahmad Y. al-Hassan and Donald R. Hill, Islamic Technology, Cambridge, 1986. Ferrand, Gabriel  Introduction a l'astronomie nautique arabe, Frankfurt and Main: Institut fur der Arabich-Islamischen Wissenschaften an der Johann Geothe-Universitat, 1986. Gies, Frances and Joseph Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel subtitled "Technology and Invention in the Middle Ages". HarperPerennial, 1995. Gille, Bertrand Machines in A History of Technology edited by Charles Singer, E. J. Holmyard, A. R. Hall, and Trevor I. Williams, Volume II, The Mediterranean Civilizations and the Middle Ages c. 700 B.C. to c. A. D. 1500. Oxford, 1956. Holmes, Urban Tigner Daily Living in the Twelfth Century subtitled "Based on the Observations of Alexander Neckham in London and Paris", Wisconsin, 1952.   43. The Atlantic islands, monsters, and magnets in the bottom of the sea. Penrose, Boies, Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967. William H. Babcock. Legendary Islands of the Atlantic: A Study in Medieval Geography. New York: , 1922. Oswald Dreyer-Eimbcke. "The Mythical Island of Frisland." From The Map Collector. No. 26; March 1984. Pp. 48f. Robert H. Fuson. Legendary Islands Of The Ocean Sea. Sarasota, Florida, 1995. William Herbert Hobbs. "Zeno and the Cartography of Greenland." From Imago Mundi. Vol. VI. 1949. Pp. 15ff. Donald S. Johnson. Phantom Islands of the Atlantic. The Legends of Seven Lands that Never Were. New York: 1994.   44. The Vikings arrive! Davidson, H. R. Ellis., The Viking Road to Byzantium. London: George, Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1976. Haywood, J., The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Vikings. New York: Penguin Books, 1995. Noonan, Thomas S., "Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards from Northwestern Russia and the Southeastern Baltic." Journal of Baltic Studies, XIII, No. 3 (Fall 1982), pp.220-244. Roesdahl, E., The Vikings. London: Allen Lane, 1991. Stalsberg, A., "Scandinavian Relations with Northwestern Russia during the Viking Age: The Archaeological Evidence," Journal of Baltic Studies, XIII, No. 3 (Fall 1982), p.272. Stefansson, J., "The Vikings in Spain, from Arabic (Moorish) and Spanish Sources," Saga Book of the Viking Club, (1909) 6:37-39. Tuukka Talvio, "Finland's Place in Viking-Age Relations between Sweden and the Eastern Baltic/Northern Russia: The Numismatic Evidence," Journal of Baltic Studies, XIII, No. 3 (Fall 1982), p.246.   45. Traveling in the Mediterranean. Newton, Arthur Percival Travel and Travelers of the Middle Ages, New York: Books for Libraries Press, 1967. Adler,M. N., The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Critical, Text, Translation and Commentary. New York: Phillip Feldheim Inc., 1907. Ashtor, Eliyahu, Levant Trade in the Later Middle Ages, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983. Batuta, I., Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354. Translated and selected by H.A.R. Gibb. Edited by Sir E. Denison Ross and Eileen Power. New York: Robert M. McBride & Company, 1929.

Week 11: The Crusading Era

46. The Crusading Era (1095-1291). Billings, M., The Cross and Crescent: A History of the Crusades.  New York: Sterling Pub. Co., 1987. Pryor, J.H., "The transportation of horses by sea during the era of the Crusades: Eighth century to 1285 A.D."  2 parts, Mariner's Mirror 68 (1982): 9-27, 103-125. Pryor, J.H.,  "The naval architecture of Crusader transport ships."  3 parts, Mariner's Mirror 70 (1984). Pryor, J.H.,  "The naval architecture of Crusader transport ships and horse transports revisited."  Mariner's Mirror 76 (1990): 267-271. Joinville and Villehardouin.,  Chronicles of the Crusades.  (M.R.B. Shaw, trans. and intro.) Baltimore, MD, Penguin Books, 1963.   47. Louis IX's ships: size and configuration.  Transporting horses: the ergonomic and logistical requirements. Bacrach, B., "On the Origins of William the Conqueror's Horse Transports,"  Technology and Culture 26 (1985) 503-531.   48. Crusader naval strategy and tactics France, John, Western warfare in the age of the Crusades, 1000-1300. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999. Maalouf, Amin, The crusades through Arab eyes. New York: Schocken Books, 1985. Riley-Smith, Jonathan, (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.   49. Financing the crusade Housley, Norman, The Italian Crusades : The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982. Housley, Norman, The Avignon Papacy and the Crusades, 1305-1378. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Lloyd, S. D., English Society and the Crusade, 1216-1307. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Riley-Smith, Jonathan, (ed). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.   50. The Hospitallers             Sire, H.J.A., The Knights of Malta, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.

Week 12: Italy and the Renaissance, 1025-1453

51. Italy and the Renaissance, 1025-1453. The commercial explosion. Ashtor, E., East-West Trade in the Medieval Mediterranean. B. Z. Kedar (ed.) London: Variorum Reprints, 1986. Byrne, E.H., Genoese shipping in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Cambridge, Mass., The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1930; New York, Kraus Reprint Co., 1970. Lopez, R.S., and I.W. Raymond.  Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative documents. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Pirenne, H., Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of  Trade. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974. Sapori, A., The Italian Merchant in the Middle Ages. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc., 1970.   52. Ownership: ships and ventures. Capital and loans. Contracts and obligations.  Stowage. E.H. Byrne, Genoese shipping in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Cambridge, Mass., The Mediaeval Academy of America, 1930; New York, Kraus Reprint Co., 1970. R.S. Lopez and I.W. Raymond.  Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative documents. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. Miskimin, H.A.  The Economy of Early Renaissance Europe, 1300-1460.  Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975. Miskimin, H.A.  Cash, credit and crisis in Europe, 1300-1600. London: Variorum Reprints, 1989. Lane, F.C.  Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966. Scammel, G.V.  The World Encompassed:  The First European Maritime Empires, c. 800-1650.  New York: Methuen, 1981. Scandurra, E.  "The Maritime Republics: Medieval and Renaissance Ships in Italy," in A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology, G.F. Bass, ed.  London, 1972. Unger, R.  The Ship in the Medieval Economy.  London: Thames and Hudson, 1980.   53. The Venetian Arsenal Davis, R. C., Shipbuilders of the Venetian Arsenal. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Lane, F.C., Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance.  Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1992 c1934. Lane, F.C., Venice and History: The Collected Papers of Frederic C. Lane.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1966. Lane, F.C., Studies in Venetian Social and Economic History. London: Variorum Reprints, 1987.  Ray, L.E.  Venetian Ships and Seafaring up to the Nautical Revolution:  A Study Based on Artistic Representations of Ships and Boats before ca 1450.  M.A. Thesis, Texas A&M University, 1992.   54. Building a private ship. Davis, R. C., Shipbuilders of the Venetian Arsenal. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Hoover, C. B., The Sea Loan in Genoa in the 12th Century. Lloyd, M., The Provisioning of Medieval Ships in the Mediterranean Sea, 300-1500. Report on file in the Texas A&M University Nautical Archaeology Program Library. Lane, F.C., Money and banking in medieval and Renaissance Venice.  Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985. Lane, F.C., Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance.  Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1992 c1934.   55. Sea Law: rights of owners and sailors Pryor, J. H., Commerce, Shipping and Naval Warfare in the Medieval Mediterranean. London: Variorum Reprints, 1987.

Week 13: Italy and the Renaissance: Ships and Shipwrightry

56. Trading in all directions.  The Northern, Eastern, Western, and Far-Eastern Trading Routes.  The Iberian Discoveries. Byrne, Eugene H.  Genoese Shipping in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries.  Cambridge:  Mediaval Academy of America; 1930. Lane, F.C.  Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance.  Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1992 c1934. Dotson, John E., "Jal's Nef X and Genoese Naval Architecture in the Thirteenth Century", Mariner's Mirror, (1973) 59: 161 70. Dotson, John E.,  "Merchant and Naval Influences on Galley Design at Venice and Genoa in the Fourteenth Century", New Aspects of Naval History, Symonds, Craig L., ed. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1981: 20 32. Epstein, Steven E., Genoa and the Genoese, 958 1528, Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1996. Epstein, Steven E., "Labour and Port Life in Medieval Genoa",  Mediterranean Historical Review, 1988 3: 114 40. Jacoby, David.  Trade, Commodities and Shipping in the Medieval Mediterranean.  Aldershot, GB: Valiorum Reprints; 1997.   57. On the origin of the 3-masted ship. Bellabarba, Sergio, "Note Sull'Origine Della Nave A Tre Alberi", Archeologia Delle Acque. I:2, 1999. (English translation on file in the Texas A&M University, Nautical Archaeology Program Library)   58. Lateen rigged craft: the Contarina vessels. Iconographic evidence. Bonino, M.  "Lateen-rigged Medieval Ships:  New Evidence from Wrecks in the Po Delta (Italy) and Notes on Pictorial and Other Documents," IJNA 7 (1978) 9-28. Relazione.  "Sulla scoperta di due barche antiche nel territorio del commune di Contarina in Provincia di Rovigo nel gennaio 1898," Commissione della R Deputazione di Storia patria per le Venezie.  Venice, 1990.   59. Culip VI and Les Sorres X. "L'arquitectura naval," in Excavacions arqueologiques subaquatiques a Cala Culip I.  Girona: 1989: 317-328. Reith, E.  "L'épave du caborateur de Culip VI (Catalogne, Espangne)," Archaeonautica 14 1988: 205-212. Palou, H., et. al.  Excavacions Arqueològiques Subaquàtiques a Cala Culip 2, Culip IV.  Monigrafies del Casc. 1.  Girona: 1998.   60. The Timbotta Manuscript and the Fabrica di galère. Jal, Auguste. Archéologie Navale, Paris: Arthus Bertrand Éditeur, 1840. Lane, Frederic, Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance, Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1934, 56-57. Lane, Frederic, "Naval Architecture about 1550," Mariner's Mirror (1934) 20:24-49. Anderson, R.C., "Jal's Memoire no. 5 and the Manuscript 'Fabrica di Galere'," Mariner's Mirror (1945) 31:160-167. Bellabarba, Sergio, "The square Rigged Ship of the 'Fabrica di Galere' Manuscript," Mariner's Mirror (1988) 74.2:113-130. Anderson, R.C., "Italian Naval Architecture about 1445," Mariner's Mirror (1925), 11:135-163.

Week 14: Renaissance Naval Affairs

61. Galleys, guns, and the Ottomans Davis, R. C., Shipbuilders of the Venetian Arsenal. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. Guilmartin, J.  Gunpowder and Galleys:  Changing Technology and Mediterranean Warfare in the 16th Century.  New York: Cambridge University Press, 1974. Partington, J.R. A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.   62. Catalan warships of the 13th and 14th centuries. Laures, F.F.  "The Warships of the King of Aragon and Their Fighting Tactics During the 13th and 14th Centuries AD," IJNA 16 (1987) 19-29. Mott, L.V.  "Medieval Ship Graffiti," Sea History (autumn1988) 14-15. Mott, L.V.  "Medieval Ship Graffito in the Palau Reial Major at Barcelona," Mariner's Mirror 76, 1990: 13-22. Mott, L.V.  "Ships of the 13th-Century Catalan Navy," IJNA 19 (1990) 101-112. O'Callaghan, J.F.  A History of Medieval Spain.  Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1975.   62a. The galley of San Marco in Boccalama. Romanelli C. and Fozzati, L., La galea ritrovata. Venice: Consorcio Venezia Nuova, 2003. McManamon, J., D'Agostino, M., and Medas, S., "Excavation and Recording of the Medieval Hulls at San Marco in Boccalama (Venice)" INA Quarterly (2003) 30.1: 22-28.   63. The gallia and the Lake Garda galley. Paris, E.  Souvenirs de marine: Collection de plans ou dessins de navires et de bateaux anciens ou modernes, existants ou disparus, avec les elements numberiques necessaires a leur construction, par le vice-amiral Paris. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, vol. 6 pl. 312. d'Agostino, et. al.  Lago di Garda, Lazise (VR).  Relitto di Nave Lunga Veneziana il Relazione Preliminare.  Venice: 1998. Mondfeld, W.  Die Galeere von Mittelalter bis zur Neuzeit.  1972.   64. The Ottoman navy. The Kadirga.             Arcak, E.  "Kadirga:  The Sultan's Galley," INA Quarterly. 27.2/3 (2000) 15-19.             Basch, L.  "A Galley in Istanbul: The Kadirga," Mariner's Mirror.  60 (1972) 133-134. Basch, L.  "The Kadirga Revisted:  A Preliminary Reappraisal". Mariner's Mirror 65 (1978) 39-50   65. Early gun founding in the Mediterranean Hime, Lieut.-Colonel henry W. L., The Origin of Artillery. New York: Longmans, Green and Co., 1915.

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