Medieval Seafaring in the Mediterranean

Anthropology 618

Readings

General

Hourani, A.  A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. Le Goff, J., Medieval Civilization 400-1500. New York: Barnes and Noble, 2000. Ostrogorsky, G.  History of the Byzantine State. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969.

Further Reading

Bass, G.F.  A History of Seafaring; Based on Underwater Archaeology, London: Thames and Hudson, 1972. Braudel, Fernand.  The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, 2 Vols., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Collins, R.  Early Medieval Europe 300-1000. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Hill, D.  A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. LaSalle: Open Court Publishing Company, 1984. Holmes, G., ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of Medieval Europe, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988. Jordan, W. C., Europe in the High Middle Ages. New York: Viking Penguin, 2003. Lewis, A. R., and T. J. Runyan, European Naval and Maritime History, 300-1500. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985. McEvedy, C., The New Penguin Atlas of Medieval History. New York: Penguin Books, 1992. Randsborg, K.  The First Millenium A.D. in Europe and the Mediterranean. Cambridge: Cambridge Unversity Press, 1991. Riley-Smith, J., Atlas of the Crusades. New York: Facts on File, 1991. Rogers, W.L.,  Naval Warfare under Oars, 4th to 16th Centuries. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1990.

Case Studies

Week 1: Introduction

Week 2: Late Roman or Early Byzantine Period

1. Late Antiquity and the East-West split: from Diocletian to Theodosius (284-395 AD). Cameron, A. The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity: 395-600. London: Routledge, 1993. Casson, L. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973. Garnsey, P. and R. Saller.  The Roman Empire.  Economy, Society and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987. Jones, A.H.M.  The Later Roman Empire 284-602.  A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey.  Oxford, B. Blackwell, 1964. Landels, J.G.  Engineering in the Ancient World.  Berkeley, University of California Press, 1978. Treadgold, Warren,  A Concise History of Bizantium. New York: Palgrave, 2001.   2. Madrague de Giens Pomey, P. "Le navire romain de la Madrague de Giens."  Paris: CRAI (1982): 133-154. Rival, M.  La charpenterie naval romaine: Materiaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris: CNRS, 1991, 147-239. Tchernia, A., P. Pomey, and A. Hesnard.  L'épave romaine de la Madrague de Giens (Var) (Campagnes 1972-1975).  Gallia Supplement 24.  Paris, 1978.   3. Pointe de la Luque B Clerc, J.-P. and J.C. Negrel, "Prémiers resultats de la campagne de fouilles 1971 sur l'épave B de la Pointe de la Luque."  Cahiers d'Archéologie Subaquatique 2 (1973): 61-71. Liou, B. "Direction des recherches archéologiques sous-marines."  Gallia 31 (1973): 571-608.   4. The wreck at La Bourse de Marseilles Gassend, J.-M. and J.-P. Cuomo, "Un acquis recent des récherches d'architecture navale: la `construction alternée' des navires antiques."  VI Congreso Internacional de Arqueologia Submarina, Cartagena 1982, pp. 343-350. Gassend, J.-M. L'épave antique du Lacydon.  Marseilles 1982. Gassend, J.-M.  "La construction navale antique de type alterné: exemple d'un mode de construction."  Tropis I. H Tzalas (ed.) Proceedings from the 1st Symposium of Ship Construction in Antiquity. Piraeus: Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition, 1985, 115-127. Rival, M.  La charpenterie naval romaine: Materiaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris: CNRS, 1991, 245-265.   5. Yassiada II and Dramont F. Bass, G.F., and F.H. van Doorninck, Jr. "A 4th-century wreck at Yassi Ada," AJA 75 (1971) 27-46. van Doorninck, Jr., F.H. "The 4th-Century Wreck at Yassi Ada.  An Interim Report on the Hull," IJNA 5 (1976): 115-131. Joncheray, J.-P. "Une épave du Bas Empire: Dramont F."  Cahiers d'Archéologie Subaquatique 4 (1975): 91-140.

Week 3: Late Roman or Early Byzantine Period

6. From Theodosius to Heraclius (379-641 AD).  The merchant world in the Mediterranean. Brunt, P. (ed).  The Roman Economy.  Oxford, 1974. Garnsey, P., K. Hopkins, and C.R. Whittaker (eds.).  Trade in the Ancient Economy.  London: The Hogarth Press, 1983. Greene, K.  The Archaeology of the Roman Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986. Treadgold, Warren  A Concise History of Byzantium. New York: Palgrave, 2001.   7. Port-Vendres I Liou, B. "L'épave romaine de l'anse Gerbal à Port-Vendres."  Comptes rendus, Academie des Instriptions et Belles-Lettres (1974): 414-433. Rival, M.  La charpenterie naval romaine: Materiaux, Methods, Moyans. Paris: CNRS, 1991, 267-296.   8. Sebastos and Portus Brandon, C.  "The Concrete-Filled Barges of King Herod's Harbor of Sebastos." Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity (ASOR Archaeological Reports 4).  Atlanta, 1994, 45-58. Holum, K., R. Hohlfelder, R.J. Bull and A. Raban.  King Herod's Dream: Caesarea on the Sea.  New York and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988. Raban, A.   The Harbours of Caesarea Maritima: Results of the Caesarea Ancient Harbour Excavation Project, 1980-1985 I: The Site and the Excavations.  BAR International Series 491.  Oxford, 1989. Raban, A.  "Sebastos: The Royal Harbor at Caesarea Maritima- a Short-Lived Giant," IJNA 21 (1992) 111-124. Testaguzza, O.  Portus: Illustrazione dei porti di Claudio e Traiano e della citta' di Porto a Fiumicino.  Rome, 1970.   9. Laws concerning maritime trade, contracts, obligations, customs and harbour fees. Ashburner, W.  "Sources of the Rhodian Sea Law," in The Rhodian Sea Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909: 27-90. Justinian, The Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia, 1985, 47.9, 14.1-14.2. Justinian, The Digest of Roman Law. New York: Penguin Books, 1979: 7-10. Goffart, W.  Caput and Colonate: Towards a History of Late Roman Taxation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974.   10. The Army's needs.  Canals.  Road systems. Campbell, B.  The Roman Army 31 B.C.-A.D. 337: A Source Book. London: Routledge, 1994. Coello, T.  Unit Sizes in the Late Roman Field Army. BAR International Series 645, Oxford, 1996. Cromwell, R.  The Rise and Decline of the Late Roman Field Army. Shippensburg: White Mane Publishing Co. Inc., 1998. Davies, R.  Service in the Roman Army. New York: Columbia University Press, 1989. Peddie, J.  The Roman War Machine. Gloucestershire: A. Sutton, 1994. Southern, P. and K.R. Dixon.  The Late Roman Army. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996. Treadgold, W.  Byzantium and its Army 284-1081. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995.

Week 4: Late Roman or Early Byzantine Period

11. Urban demands. Bulk cargoes: grain, and building materials. Amphoras: Wine, oil, and fish sauce. Bakirtzis, Ch. "Byzantine amphorae."  In Recherches sur la céramique byzantine, V. Déroche and J.-M. Spieser, eds.  Bulletin de Correspondence Hellénique, Supplement 18 (1989): 74-77. Hass, C.  Alexandria in Late Antiquity:  Topography and Social Conflict. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. Hayes, J.  Late Roman Pottery. London: British School at Rome, 1972. Hodges, R.  Dark Age Economics: The origins of towns and trade A.D. 600-1000. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. Joncheray, J.-P.  Nouvelle classification des amphores decouvertes lors des fouilles sous-marines.  Frejus, 1976. Jones, A.H.M.  Decline of the Ancient World. London: Longman Inc., 1966. Liebeschuetz, J.  Antioch: City and Imperial Administration in the Later Roman Empire.  Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. Manacorda, D. and C. Panella.  "Anfore."  In The Inscribed Economy: Production and Distribution in the Roman Empire in Light of "instrumentum domesticum, ed. W. Harris.  Ann Arbor,: University of Michigan, 1993: 55-64. Meigs, R.  Roman Ostia. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973 (2nd ed.). Peacock, D.P.S. and D.F. Williams.  Amphorae and the Roman economy: an introductory guide.  London: Longman Inc., 1986. Rickman, G.  The Corn Supply of Ancient Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Sirks, A. Food for Rome. Amsterdam: J. C. Giegen, 1991. Whittaker, C.R.  Land, City and Trade in the Roman Empire.  Brookfield, VT: Variorum Reprints, 1993.   12. Luxury cargoes. Miller, J.I.  The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.   13. Isis Ballard, R. D. and R. Archbold.  The Lost Wreck of the Isis. New York: Madison Press Books, 1990.   14. The Skerki Bank wrecks Ballard, R., et. al.  "The Discovery of Ancient History in the Deep Sea Using Advanced Deep Submerge Technology," Deep-Sea Research I 47 (2000), 1591-1620. McCann, A.M. and J. Freed.  Deep Water Archaeology:  A Late-Roman Ship from Carthage and an Ancient Trade Route near Skerki Bank off Northwest Sicily (JRA Supplementary Series No. 13). Ann Arbor, MI: Oxbow Books, 1994.   15. Ship size Parker, A.J.  Ancient Shipwrecks of the Mediterranean and the Roman Provinces.  BAR International Series 580.  Oxford: Hadrian Books, 1992. Pomey, Patrice  La navigation dans l'Antiquite.

Week 5: Late Roman or Early Byzantine Period

16. Security in the seas. The Mediterranean in the 3rd to 5th centuries. Notitia Dignitatum. Rodgers, W.L.  Greek and Roman Naval Warfare. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1983. Rankov, B. "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324."  In The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. R Gardiner (ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85. Zosimus, New History. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1982, II and V, 20.   17. Piracy.  Roman biremes.  Liburnians. Casson, L.  Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970. Hocker, F.  "Late Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets," in The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.)  Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 86-100. Hockmann, O.  "The Liburnian:  Some Observations and Insights,"  IJNA 26 (1997) 192-216. Panciera, S.  "Liburna,"  Epigraphica 18 (1956) 130-156.   18. The ancient-medieval transition and the competition for maritime dominance. Ostrogorsky, G.  History of the Byzantine State.  New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1969. Treadgold, W.  A History of the Byzantine State and Society.  Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997.   19. Naval campaigns in the wars of Constantine. Rodgers, W.L.  Naval Warfare Under Oars 4th to 16th Centuries:  A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1983. Rankov, B. "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324."  In The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. R Gardiner (ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85. Zosimus, New History. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1982, II and V, 20.   20. The fleet of Anastasius. Rodgers, W.L.  Naval Warfare Under Oars 4th to 16th Centuries:  A Study of Strategy, Tactics and Ship Design. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1983. Rankov, B. "Fleets of the Early Roman Empire, 31 BC - AD 324."  In The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times. R Gardiner (ed.), Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995: 78-85. Zosimus, New History. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1982, II and V, 20.

Week 6: Byzantines and Arabs

21. Umayyad (661-750 AD) and Abbasid (750-1258 AD) Caliphates. Hourani, A.  A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. Long, P.O. (Ed).  Science and Technology in Medieval Society.  Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 441.  New York, 1985.  Kennedy, Hugh  The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates. New York: Longman Inc., 1986.   22. Transition from shell to skeleton: Tantura A, Yassiada I and Saint Gervais II. Al-Hassan, A. Y., and D. R. Hill, Islamic Technology: an illustrated history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Bass, G. and F. van Doornink, Yassi Ada: A Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1982. Constable, O. R., Trade and Traders in Muslim Spain: The Commercial Realignment of the Iberian Peninsula, 900-1500. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Steffy, J.R.  Wooden Shipbuilding and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks. College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1994,  pp. 79-85.   23. The hull of the Bozburun shipwreck. Hocker, F.M. and M.P. Scafuri.  "The Bozburun Byzantine Shipwreck Excavation:  1996 Campaign," INA Quarterly 23.4 (1996) 3-9. Harpster, M.  The Bozburun Hull.  Paper presented at Tropis VII, Pylos, 1999.   24. Serçe Limani and Tantura F shipbuilding. Bass, G.F.  and van Doorninck, F.H.  "An 11th Century Shipwreck at Serçe Liman, Turkey," IJNA 7 (1978) 119-132. Runnels, C.  "The Rotary Querns," INA Newsletter 15.3 (1988) 30-31. Steffy, J.R.  Wooden Shipbuilding and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks.  College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1994,  pp. 85-91. Kahanov, Y. and J.G. Royal.  "The 1995 INA/CMS Tantura A Byzantine Shipwreck Excavation - Hull Construction Report," C.M.S. News 23 (December 1996) 21-23.   25. The "Saracen" wrecks:  Estéou, Agay A and B, Batéguier. Tantura B shipwreck. Darmoul, A.  "Les épaves sarrasines.  Contribution à l'étude des techniques de construction navales musulmanes et méditerranéenes," in L'Homme Méditerranéen la Mer.  M. Galley and L. Ladjimi Sebai, eds.  Tunis, 1985, pp. 152-165. Jézégou, Marie-Pierre,  et al., "Les épaves sarrasines d'Agay et de Cannes" Archeologia (1997), 337:32-39. Joncheray, J.P.  "Researches off Saint Raphaël and Cannes, 1973", INJA 3 (1974) 327-328. Joncheray, J.P.  "1974 Excavations at the Wrecks of Bataiguier (Early Middle Ages) and Bon Porté," INJA 5 (1976) 87-89. Kahanov, Y. and S. Breitstein.  "A Preliminary Study of the Hull Remains," INA Quarterly 22.2 (1995) 9-13. Kahanov, Y. and S. Breitstein.  "Tantura Excavation 1994:  A Preliminary Report on the Wood,"  C.M.S. News 22 (August 1995). Wachsmann, S.  "Technology Before its Time:  A Byzantine Shipwreck from Tantura Lagoon," The Explorers Journal 74/1 (1996) 19-23. Wachsmann, S. and Y. Kahanov.  "Shipwreck Fall:  the INA/CMS Joint Expedition to Tantura Lagoon, Israel," INA Quarterly 24.4 (1997)  3-18. Wachsmann, S., Y. Kahanov, and J. Hall.  "The Tantura B Shipwreck:  The 1996 INA/CMS Joint Expedition to Tantura Lagoon," INA Quarterly 24.4 (1997)  3-15. Wachsmann, S. and K. Raveh  "A Concise Nautical History of Dor/Tantura," IJNA 13 (1984)  223-241.

Week 7: Byzantines and Arabs

26. East and West.  The Arab Mediterranean during the Abbasid period (750-1258 AD). Hourani, A.  A History of the Arab Peoples. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991. R. Tomber, "Quantitative approaches to the investigation of long-distance exchange." Journal of Roman Archaeology 6 (1993): 142-148.   27. Iconographic evidence and rigs.  Lateen rigging. Basch, Lucien  "L'apparition de la voile latine en mediterranée," Techniques et économie antiques et médiévales: le temps de l'innovation.  Colloque international (C.N.R.S.) Meeks, Dimitri and Garcia, Dominique (Eds.), Paris: Editions Errance, 1997. Casson, L.  Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World.  Princeton: Princeton Unversity Press, 1973. Casson, L.  "Origins of the Lateen," American Neptune 31 (1071) pp. 49-51. Dimmock, L. "The Lateen Rig," Mariner's Mirror 32 (1946) pp. 35-41. Hocker, F.  "Late Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic Galleys and Fleets," in The Age of the Galley:  Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.)  Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1995:  86-100. Hourani, G.  Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in ancient and Medieval Times. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986 (revised ed.) Lane, F.C.  Venetian Ships and Shipbuilders of the Renaissance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992 (reprint of 1934 ed.) Pryor, J.H.  "From Dromon to Galea:  Mediterranean Bireme Galleys AD 500-1300," in Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times, R. Gardiner, (ed.) Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press 1995: 101-116. Pryor, J.H  "The Mediterranean Round Ship," in Cogs, Caravels and Galleons, R. Gardiner, (ed).  Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1994: 59-76. van Doorninck, Jr., F.H.  "Byzantium, Mistress of the Sea:  330-641," in A History of Seafaring, G.F. Bass, (ed.)  London: Thames and Hudson, 1972, pp. 133-158.   28. Military and civilian supply and demand. Hodges, R.  Dark Age Economics:  The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600-1000.  New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. Brubaker, L., ed.  Byzantium in the Ninth Century:  Dead or Alive?  New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999 Collins, R.  Early Medieval Europe 300-1000. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999. Haldon, J.  State, Army and Society in Byzantium.  Brookfield, VT: Variorum, 1995. Kaegi, Jr., W.  Army, Society and Religion in Byzantium.  London: Variorum Reprints, 1982. Miller, T. and J. Nesbit, eds.  Peace and War in Byzantium.  Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1995. Rostovzeff, M.  The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957. TreadGold, W.  The Byzantine Revival 780-842. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press 1988. TreadGold, W.  Byzantium and its Army 284-1081. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995. Dolley, R.  "The Warships of the Later Roman Empire," Journal of Roman Studies 38 (1948) 47-53.   29. Government intervention/involvement in maritime exchange.  The role of the Church.             Ostrogorsky, G. History of the Byzantine Church.   30. Laws concerning maritime trade. Ashburner, W.  "Sources of the Rhodian Sea Law," in The Rhodian Sea Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909. Justinian, The Digest of Justinian. Philadelphia: 1985, 47.9, 14.1-14.2. Justinian, The Digest of Roman Law. New York: Penguin Books, 1979: 7-10.

Week 8: Byzantines and Arabs

31. The Mediterranean World in the 8th and 9th centuries.  Western Europe.  Eastern Europe.  Northern Europe.  The Muslim world. Fahmy, A.M. Muslim Sea Power in the Eastern Mediterranean from the Seventh to the Tenth Century A.D.. Cairo: National Publication & Print. House, 1966.