TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY

Frames

A total of 18 frames were partially preserved over the upper portion of the keel, to which we must add a 19^th position marked over the stempost by the remains of a treenail on the planking. Another three frames were exposed on the buried portion of the hull (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 - Frame numbers after the 2002 field season.

In spite of the fact that we did not observe the pattern in which floors and futtocks were assembled, it was assumed in this study that the futtock corresponding to each floor timber is the one that stands east of it. In other words, each floor was associated to the futtocks that stand against its forward face for the purpose of this study.

The scantlings of the floor timbers and first futtocks are indicated below, on Table I. The molded dimensions noted on this schematic representation of the preserved frames are all equal to 16 cm. This does not translate to reality, but an average value for the distance between the upper surface of the hull planking and the lower surface of the ceiling planking, consistently between 16 and 17 cm. In fact, most floors and futtocks showed quite irregular upper surfaces, and a few had been patched to level the surface that received the ceiling planking.

At this stage of the study there are more questions than answers regarding the composition and geometry of the Arade 1's frames. We do not know if there is a central portion of the hull with pre-designed and pre-assembled frames. However, both the room and space, and the timber scantlings suggest that frames C9 to C18, and C20 to C22 have been fashioned with more care and mounted over the keel with a more consistent pattern, spaced apart around 20 cm.

As for frames C1 to C8, they seem to have been less carefully shaped, and placed over the keel at less regular intervals, as show on Table II below.

Table I

Floor Timbers and 1^st Futtocks - Scantlings

Floor C0 - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B1B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B1E - Not preserved

Floor C1 - molded 8 cm*; sided 16 cm.

1^st Futtock B2B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B2E - molded 12 cm*; sided 20 cm.

Floor C2 - molded 16 cm; sided 18 cm.

1^st Futtock B3B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.

1^st Futtock B3E - molded 16 cm; sided 21 cm.

Floor C3 - molded 16 cm; sided 23 cm.

1^st Futtock B4B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.

1^st Futtock B4E - molded 16 cm; sided 18.5 cm.

Floor C4 - molded 16 cm; sided 22 cm.

1^st Futtock B5B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.

1^st Futtock B5E - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.

Floor C5 - molded 16 cm; sided 25 cm.

1^st Futtock B6B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B6E - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.

Floor C6 - molded 16 cm; sided 23 cm.

Top timber Ap6E ®

1^st Futtock B7B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.

1^st Futtock B7E - molded 16 cm; sided 22.5 cm.

Floor C7 - molded 16 cm; sided 20 cm.

1^st Futtock B8B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.

1^st Futtock B8E - molded 16 cm; sided 16.5 cm.

Floor C8 - molded 16 cm; sided 20 cm.

Top timber Ap8E ®

1^st Futtock B9B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.

1^st Futtock B9E - molded 16 cm; sided 18 cm.

Floor C9 - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.

1^st Futtock B10B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B10E - molded 16 cm; sided 18 cm.

Floor C10 - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.

1st Futtock B11B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B11E - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.

Floor C11 - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.

Top timber Ap11E ®

1^st Futtock B12B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B12E - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.

Floor C12 - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.

1^st Futtock B13B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B13E - molded 16 cm; sided 18 cm.

Floor C13 - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.

Top timber Ap13E ®

1^st Futtock B14B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B14E - molded 16 cm; sided 17 cm.

Floor C14 - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.

1^st Futtock B15B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B15E - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.

Floor C15 - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.

1^st Futtock B16B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B16E - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.

Floor C16 - molded 16 cm; sided 16cm.

1^st Futtock B17B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B17E - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.

Floor C17 - molded 16 cm; sided 16cm.

1^st Futtock B18B - Not preserved.

1^st Futtock B18E - molded 12 cm*; sided 16 cm.

Floor C18 - molded 16 cm; sided 16cm.

1^st Futtock B20B - molded 16 cm; sided 17 cm.

1^st Futtock B20E - Not preserved.

Floor C20 - molded 16 cm; sided 17 cm.

1^st Futtock B21B - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.

1^st Futtock B21E - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.

Floor C21 - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.

1^st Futtock B22B - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.

1^st Futtock B22E - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.

Floor C22 - molded 16 cm; sided 17 cm.

* Incomplete section.

Table II

Spacing Between Frames

Floor Timbers

Dimension over the keel

Space to previous frame

Space between frame axis

C0

Not preserved

?

C0/C1 » 45 cm

C1

16 cm

?

C1/C2 = 39 cm

C2

18 cm

22 cm

C2/C3 = 39.5 cm

C3

23 cm

19 cm

C3/C4 = 41.5 cm

C4

22 cm

19 cm

C4/C5 = 40.5 cm

C5

25 cm

17 cm

C5/C6 = 46 cm

C6

23 cm

22 cm

C6/C7 = 41.5 cm

C7

20 cm

20 cm

C7/C8 = 44 cm

C8

20 cm

24 cm

C8/C9 = 33 cm

C9

14 cm

16 cm

C9/C10 = 32.5 cm

C10

15 cm

18 cm

C10/C11 = 34.5 cm

C11

14 cm

20 cm

C11/C12 = 33 cm

C12

14 cm

19 cm

C12/C13 = 35 cm

C13

16 cm

20 cm

C13/C14 = 35.5 cm

C14

15 cm

20 cm

C14/C15 = 35 cm

C15

15 cm

20 cm

C15/C16 = 38 cm

C16

Not preserved

?

C16/C17 = 36 cm

C17

Not preserved

?

C17/C18 = 35 cm

C18

Not preserved

?

C18/C19 = ?

...

C20

17 cm

17 cm

C20/C21 = 35 cm

C21

15 cm

19 cm

C21/C22 = 30 cm

C22

17 cm

14 cm

C22/C23 = ?

Only four, badly eroded, second futtocks - probably top timbers - have survived in the upper portion of the hull.

Below is a broad description of each one of the timber types that formed the Arade 1 frames: floor timbers, first futtocks, and second futtocks.

Floor timbers

As mentioned above, the Arade 1 floor timbers can be divided into two main groups.

The first, lighter and better shaped, comprises floors C9 to C18 and C20 to C22. These more central floor timbers were spaced roughly 20 cm apart and presented almost square sections 15 cm sided and 16 cm molded. Their lower surfaces seemed smoother and showed better adherence to the hull planking.

The second group of floor timbers comprised the frames localized before floor C9. These floor timbers were placed over the keel at less regular intervals, although the average distance between them - 20 cm - did not vary much from the average distance between central frames - 19.5 cm. However, since these bow frames presented heavier scantlings, the average value of the room and space varied greatly between the first and second group, being 29.4 cm for the central frames, and 42.1 cm for the bow frames.

All floor timbers inspected were fastened to the keel with one or more treenails with the exception of floor C1, which sits on the stempost and was fastened to it with one single iron nail (Table III).

Table III

Fastenings Frames / Keel

Floor Timbers

Fastening to the keel

C1

1 iron nail.

C2

1 treenail diagonally inserted from the starboard side.

C3

1 treenail diagonally inserted from portside.

C4

1 treenail diagonally inserted from portside + 1 iron nail.

C5

1 treenail diagonally inserted from portside + 2 iron nails.

C6

2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C7

3 treenails, 2 to starboard side of the limber hole, 1 to portside.

C8

2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C9

3 treenails, 1 to starboard side of the limber hole, 2 to portside.

C10

1 treenail to starboard side of the limber hole.

C11

2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C12

1 treenail to portside of the limber hole.

C13

2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C14

2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C15

2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C16

Possibly 2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C17

Possibly 2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C18

Not preserved.

...

...

C20

2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C21

2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

C22

2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

All floor timbers had trapezoidal limber holes 5 cm high, 6 to 8 cm on their basis, and 4 to 5 cm on their tops (Figs. 2 and 3).

All frames seemed to have been cut of oak trees with diameters smaller than 20 cm.

Fig. 2 - Floor timber photographed in 1970 showing a typical limber hole (Photo: Ricardo Costa, CNANS archives).

Fig. 3 - Limber holes' dimensions (from the dive log).

Fig. 4 - Aspect of the upper surfaces of floor timbers.

Three of the bow floor timbers - numbers C3, C4, and C5 - presented a fore and aft groove of unknown function in their upper surfaces, roughly over the keel (Fig. 4).

Two of the floor timbers on the upper hull - C11 and C12 - had been leveled with patches to receive the ceiling planking (Fig. 5). This procedure was probably repeated on the lower portion of the hull, where floors C20 and C21 also had small planks attached. However, because the ceiling planking was not preserved, it is possible that these patches, on floors C20 and C21, were used to level some kind of floating bilge ceiling.

Fig. 5 - Patches on floor timbers C11 and C12.

First futtocks

A total of 23 first futtocks were preserved on the upper portion of the hull, and another five were exposed on the lower portion of the hull (Table I).

Futtocks were 15 to 22.5 cm sided, and about 16 cm molded. They were generally roughly shaped, some - such as B5E, for instance - having bark still attached. No futtock was accurately recorded in this first phase of the excavation.

Several first futtocks were fastened to the floors. However, since no futtocks were disassembled during the 2002 field season, the fastening pattern is not yet known. One feature raised interesting questions: it seems that, at least in four places, fore and aft treenails fasten three timbers at the same time (Fig. 6).

If this is true, it will be interesting to assess the directions in which the holes were augured and the treenails introduced, because that will yield precious clues to our interpretation of the construction sequence.

Fig. 6 - Provisory map of fore and aft treenails as recorded after the 2002 field season.

Second futtocks

Only four, badly eroded second futtocks - probably top timbers - were preserved on the starboard side of the Arade 1 shipwreck.

These were between 14 and 17 cm sided. It is impossible to know their molded dimensions, since none was preserved along an extension over 25 cm. The best-preserved - Ap6 - was preserved to a maximum of 9 cm high, surely less than its full original maximum molded dimension.

Fig. 7 - Sketches of Ap6E, Ap11E and Ap13E showing how badly preserved were the second futtocks.

Only further work on the Arade 1 structure will allow us a better view at these frames. In the meantime, since the 2002 field season was a Texas A&M Nautical Archaeology Program summer school and all students had to practice timber recording under water as part of the curriculum of the course, a number of profiles were taken of the upper faces of the first futtocks, both with offsets and with a digital inclinometer.

Frames
A total of 18 frames were partially preserved over the upper portion of the keel, to which we must add a 19^th position marked over the stempost by the remains of a treenail on the planking. Another three frames were exposed on the buried portion of the hull (Fig. 1).


Fig. 1 - Frame numbers after the 2002 field season.

In spite of the fact that we did not observe the pattern in which floors and futtocks were assembled, it was assumed in this study that the futtock corresponding to each floor timber is the one that stands east of it. In other words, each floor was associated to the futtocks that stand against its forward face for the purpose of this study.
The scantlings of the floor timbers and first futtocks are indicated below, on Table I. The molded dimensions noted on this schematic representation of the preserved frames are all equal to 16 cm. This does not translate to reality, but an average value for the distance between the upper surface of the hull planking and the lower surface of the ceiling planking, consistently between 16 and 17 cm. In fact, most floors and futtocks showed quite irregular upper surfaces, and a few had been patched to level the surface that received the ceiling planking.
At this stage of the study there are more questions than answers regarding the composition and geometry of the Arade 1's frames. We do not know if there is a central portion of the hull with pre-designed and pre-assembled frames. However, both the room and space, and the timber scantlings suggest that frames C9 to C18, and C20 to C22 have been fashioned with more care and mounted over the keel with a more consistent pattern, spaced apart around 20 cm.
As for frames C1 to C8, they seem to have been less carefully shaped, and placed over the keel at less regular intervals, as show on Table II below.


Table I
Floor Timbers and 1^st Futtocks - Scantlings
		Floor C0 - Not preserved.
1^st Futtock B1B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B1E - Not preserved
		Floor C1 - molded 8 cm*; sided 16 cm.
1^st Futtock B2B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B2E - molded 12 cm*; sided 20 cm.
		Floor C2 - molded 16 cm; sided 18 cm.
1^st Futtock B3B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.					1^st Futtock B3E - molded 16 cm; sided 21 cm.
		Floor C3 - molded 16 cm; sided 23 cm.
1^st Futtock B4B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.					1^st Futtock B4E - molded 16 cm; sided 18.5 cm.
		Floor C4 - molded 16 cm; sided 22 cm.
1^st Futtock B5B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.					1^st Futtock B5E - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.
		Floor C5 - molded 16 cm; sided 25 cm.
1^st Futtock B6B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B6E - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.
		Floor C6 - molded 16 cm; sided 23 cm.				Top timber Ap6E ®
1^st Futtock B7B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.					1^st Futtock B7E - molded 16 cm; sided 22.5 cm.
		Floor C7 - molded 16 cm; sided 20 cm.
1^st Futtock B8B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.					1^st Futtock B8E - molded 16 cm; sided 16.5 cm.
		Floor C8 - molded 16 cm; sided 20 cm.				Top timber Ap8E ®
1^st Futtock B9B - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.					1^st Futtock B9E - molded 16 cm; sided 18 cm.
		Floor C9 - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.
1^st Futtock B10B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B10E - molded 16 cm; sided 18 cm.
		Floor C10 - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.
1st Futtock B11B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B11E - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.
		Floor C11 - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.				Top timber Ap11E ®
1^st Futtock B12B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B12E - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.
		Floor C12 - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.
1^st Futtock B13B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B13E - molded 16 cm; sided 18 cm.
		Floor C13 - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.				Top timber Ap13E ®
1^st Futtock B14B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B14E - molded 16 cm; sided 17 cm.
		Floor C14 - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.
1^st Futtock B15B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B15E - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.
		Floor C15 - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.
1^st Futtock B16B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B16E - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.
		Floor C16 - molded 16 cm; sided 16cm.
1^st Futtock B17B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B17E - molded 16 cm; sided 16 cm.
		Floor C17 - molded 16 cm; sided 16cm.
1^st Futtock B18B - Not preserved.					1^st Futtock B18E - molded 12 cm*; sided 16 cm.
		Floor C18 - molded 16 cm; sided 16cm.
1^st Futtock B20B - molded 16 cm; sided 17 cm.					1^st Futtock B20E - Not preserved.
		Floor C20 - molded 16 cm; sided 17 cm.
1^st Futtock B21B - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.					1^st Futtock B21E - molded 16 cm; sided 19 cm.
		Floor C21 - molded 16 cm; sided 15 cm.
1^st Futtock B22B - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.					1^st Futtock B22E - molded 16 cm; sided 14 cm.
		Floor C22 - molded 16 cm; sided 17 cm.
* Incomplete section.


Table II
Spacing Between Frames
Floor Timbers	Dimension over the keel		Space to previous frame	Space between frame axis
C0	Not preserved		?	C0/C1 » 45 cm
C1	16 cm		?	C1/C2 = 39 cm
C2	18 cm		22 cm	C2/C3 = 39.5 cm
C3	23 cm		19 cm	C3/C4 = 41.5 cm
C4	22 cm		19 cm	C4/C5 = 40.5 cm
C5	25 cm		17 cm	C5/C6 = 46 cm
C6	23 cm		22 cm	C6/C7 = 41.5 cm
C7	20 cm		20 cm	C7/C8 = 44 cm
C8	20 cm		24 cm	C8/C9 = 33 cm
C9	14 cm		16 cm	C9/C10 = 32.5 cm
C10	15 cm		18 cm	C10/C11 = 34.5 cm
C11	14 cm		20 cm	C11/C12 = 33 cm
C12	14 cm		19 cm	C12/C13 = 35 cm
C13	16 cm		20 cm	C13/C14 = 35.5 cm
C14	15 cm		20 cm	C14/C15 = 35 cm
C15	15 cm		20 cm	C15/C16 = 38 cm
C16	Not preserved		?	C16/C17 = 36 cm
C17	Not preserved		?	C17/C18 = 35 cm
C18	Not preserved		?	C18/C19 = ?
...
C20	17 cm		17 cm	C20/C21 = 35 cm
C21	15 cm		19 cm	C21/C22 = 30 cm
C22	17 cm		14 cm	C22/C23 = ?

Only four, badly eroded, second futtocks - probably top timbers - have survived in the upper portion of the hull.
Below is a broad description of each one of the timber types that formed the Arade 1 frames: floor timbers, first futtocks, and second futtocks.

Floor timbers
As mentioned above, the Arade 1 floor timbers can be divided into two main groups.
The first, lighter and better shaped, comprises floors C9 to C18 and C20 to C22. These more central floor timbers were spaced roughly 20 cm apart and presented almost square sections 15 cm sided and 16 cm molded. Their lower surfaces seemed smoother and showed better adherence to the hull planking.
The second group of floor timbers comprised the frames localized before floor C9. These floor timbers were placed over the keel at less regular intervals, although the average distance between them - 20 cm - did not vary much from the average distance between central frames - 19.5 cm. However, since these bow frames presented heavier scantlings, the average value of the room and space varied greatly between the first and second group, being 29.4 cm for the central frames, and 42.1 cm for the bow frames.
All floor timbers inspected were fastened to the keel with one or more treenails with the exception of floor C1, which sits on the stempost and was fastened to it with one single iron nail (Table III).


Table III
Fastenings Frames / Keel
Floor Timbers	Fastening to the keel
C1	1 iron nail.
C2	1 treenail diagonally inserted from the starboard side.
C3	1 treenail diagonally inserted from portside.
C4	1 treenail diagonally inserted from portside + 1 iron nail.
C5	1 treenail diagonally inserted from portside + 2 iron nails.
C6	2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C7	3 treenails, 2 to starboard side of the limber hole, 1 to portside.
C8	2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C9	3 treenails, 1 to starboard side of the limber hole, 2 to portside.
C10	1 treenail to starboard side of the limber hole.
C11	2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C12	1 treenail to portside of the limber hole.
C13	2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C14	2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C15	2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C16	Possibly 2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C17	Possibly 2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C18	Not preserved.
...	...
C20	2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C21	2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.
C22	2 treenails, 1 on each side of the limber hole.

All floor timbers had trapezoidal limber holes 5 cm high, 6 to 8 cm on their basis, and 4 to 5 cm on their tops (Figs. 2 and 3).
All frames seemed to have been cut of oak trees with diameters smaller than 20 cm.


Fig. 2 - Floor timber photographed in 1970 showing a typical limber hole (Photo: Ricardo Costa, CNANS archives).


Fig. 3 - Limber holes' dimensions (from the dive log).


Fig. 4 - Aspect of the upper surfaces of floor timbers.
Three of the bow floor timbers - numbers C3, C4, and C5 - presented a fore and aft groove of unknown function in their upper surfaces, roughly over the keel (Fig. 4).
Two of the floor timbers on the upper hull - C11 and C12 - had been leveled with patches to receive the ceiling planking (Fig. 5). This procedure was probably repeated on the lower portion of the hull, where floors C20 and C21 also had small planks attached. However, because the ceiling planking was not preserved, it is possible that these patches, on floors C20 and C21, were used to level some kind of floating bilge ceiling.


Fig. 5 - Patches on floor timbers C11 and C12.


First futtocks
A total of 23 first futtocks were preserved on the upper portion of the hull, and another five were exposed on the lower portion of the hull (Table I).
Futtocks were 15 to 22.5 cm sided, and about 16 cm molded. They were generally roughly shaped, some - such as B5E, for instance - having bark still attached. No futtock was accurately recorded in this first phase of the excavation.
Several first futtocks were fastened to the floors. However, since no futtocks were disassembled during the 2002 field season, the fastening pattern is not yet known. One feature raised interesting questions: it seems that, at least in four places, fore and aft treenails fasten three timbers at the same time (Fig. 6).
If this is true, it will be interesting to assess the directions in which the holes were augured and the treenails introduced, because that will yield precious clues to our interpretation of the construction sequence.


Fig. 6 - Provisory map of fore and aft treenails as recorded after the 2002 field season.

Second futtocks
Only four, badly eroded second futtocks - probably top timbers - were preserved on the starboard side of the Arade 1 shipwreck.
These were between 14 and 17 cm sided. It is impossible to know their molded dimensions, since none was preserved along an extension over 25 cm. The best-preserved - Ap6 - was preserved to a maximum of 9 cm high, surely less than its full original maximum molded dimension.


Fig. 7 - Sketches of Ap6E, Ap11E and Ap13E showing how badly preserved were the second futtocks.

Only further work on the Arade 1 structure will allow us a better view at these frames. In the meantime, since the 2002 field season was a Texas A&M Nautical Archaeology Program summer school and all students had to practice timber recording under water as part of the curriculum of the course, a number of profiles were taken of the upper faces of the first futtocks, both with offsets and with a digital inclinometer.