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ANTH 612

Preclassical Seafaring

Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D.
Meadows Professor of Biblical Archaeology
Nautical Archaeology Program, Department of Anthropology

Office hours: Wednesdays 3:00-5:00 PM. Generally, I will be in my office on most weekday afternoons. Feel free to drop by.
Location: ANTH 121
Email: swachsmann@tamu.edu
Phone: (W) 979 847-9257, (Cell/Text) 979 574-7693

Course Description

This course is designed to introduce the student to the evidence available for seafaring from earliest times to the beginning of the Iron Age, ca. 1000 BC, primarily, although not exclusively, in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. The course has the following objectives:

  • A) To acquaint students with the rich matrix of seafaring culture related to the peoples of the prehistoric and ancient eastern Mediterranean,
  • B) To integrate these physical remains into an overall humanistic understanding of early seafaring,
  • C) To familiarize the student with the interrelationship of various sources—texts, artifacts, iconography, etc.—for interpreting and understanding the past,
  • D) To supply the student with the tools to evaluate archaeological discoveries in relation to their own future work There are no prerequisites to taking this course.
Schedule
  1. An Introduction
  2. Reflections on the Evidence
  3. On the Trail of the Earliest Mediterranean Seafarers
  4. Egyptian Seafaring
  5. Syro-Canaanite Seafaring
  6. Cypriot (Alashian) Seafaring
  7. Minoan/Cycladic Seafaring
  8. Mycenaean/Achaean Seafaring
  9. Spring Break
  10. Sea Peoples Seafaring
  11. The Gurob Ship Cart Model and Its Mediterranean Context
  12. Vessels in Cult
  13. Ship Construction
  14. Navigation
  15. Reports on Seminar Papers
System of Grading

Grades in this course will be based 50 percent on the student’s class participation and 50 percent on a term paper, to be submitted at the end of the year.

Presentations

An important element of class participation is a student’s presentations. These demonstrate the student’s ability to research a topic and present it in a coherent and knowledgeable manner. Each presentation will be of 20 minutes duration. Students should use these opportunities to practice their presentation skills in preparation for speaking at professional conferences. Topics for presentations will be distributed during our first meeting. Following this, each student should meet independently with me to discuss the topics and how best to prepare them.

 

The Term Paper

The term paper should be a well-researched and documented work, about 5,000 words/20 double-spaced pages long. As seminar paper topic selection can be a difficult process, and lead to procrastination, I encourage you to look over the material that we will cover and select a topic early in the semester. Please drop by to discuss your topic ideas with me.

You will be expected to submit a 250-word abstract together with a preliminary bibliography no later than our third meeting (Week 3). Remember, deadlines are our friends.

The choice of a topic for your paper is yours: I am open to any and all reasonable proposals as long as they fit within the chronological (to ca. 1100 B.C.) and geographical limits of the seminar and have something to do with seafaring. The paper should be carefully researched, using primarily original sources and focused on a well-defined topic. In place of a seminar paper I will allow you the option of writing a well documented and well-footnoted piece of fiction. For a good example of the intended result, see:

  • Bass, G. F., 1982. Conclusions. In Yassi Ada I: A Seventh-Century Byzantine Shipwreck.
  • G. F. Bass and F. H. van Doorninck, Jr., eds. (Nautical Archaeology Series 1) College Station, Texas A&M Press: 311-319.

Whatever your choice, you must use the Endnote application for references. This program is available to you free for download from the library web site (https://software.tamu.edu/sell-student/credentials.aspx). A tutorial at (https://endnote.com/training/tutorials/EndNote_ Basics/EndNote%20Basics.html) covers the application ‘s basics. You must include a copy of your Endnote library on a CD with your seminar paper. Include at least five Keywords for each reference. For your paper use the American Journal of Archaeology house style. Happily, this is one of the styles supported by Endnote.

Papers are due in my office mailbox on our last day of class by 5:00 PM. A student submitting a paper after this will be automatically docked a grade.

Undergraduate Students

Undergraduate students taking this course have the same requirements as their graduate counterparts (see above), with one exception: they will be required to submit a seminar paper of 2,500 words/10 pages.

Bibliography General Reading
  • Aharoni, Y., M. Avi-Yonah, A. F. Rainey, et al., 1993. The Macmillan Bible Atlas. New York, Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Bass, G. F., ed. 1972. A History of Seafaring Based on Underwater Archaeology. New York, Walker and Company.
  • Basch, L., 1987. Le musée imaginaire de la marine antique. Athens, Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition.
  • Brill ‘s new Pauly [electronic resource]: antiquity volumes / edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider.
  • Casson, L., 1995. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press.
  • Pomey, P., ed. 1997. La navigation dans l ‘antiquité. Aix-en-Provence, Édisud.
  • S. Wachsmann, S., 1998. Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. College Station. (Reprinted 2009.)
  • Wachsmann, S., 2013. The Gurob Ship-Cart Model and Its Mediterranean Context. College Station, Texas A&M University Press.

Electronic Course Reserves

Many of the readings, as well as the syllabus, will be made available to you as pdf (Acrobat) files.

ABREVIATIONS
ABSA Annual of the British School at Athens
AJA American Journal of Archaeology
Amarna

W.L. Moran, ed. and trans., 1992. The Amarna Letters. Baltimore.
ANET

Ed. J.B. Pritchard, J.B., 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. (Third edition with Supplement). Princeton.
AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament
AS Anatolian Studies
EAL

W. V. Davies and L. Schofield, eds. 1995. Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant: Interconnections in the Second Millennium BC. London, British Museum Press.
Flood

W. B. F. Ryan, and W. C. Pitman, III, 1998. Noah's Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries about the Event that Changed History. New York.
BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
IEJ Israel Exploration Journal
IJNA International Journal of Nautical Archaeology
JAEI Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections
JAOS Journal of the American Oriental Society
JCS Journal of Cuneiform Study
JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
JMA The Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies
MIMA

L. Basch, 1987. Le musée imaginaire de la marine antique. Athens, Hellenic Institute for the Preservation of Nautical Tradition.
MM Mariner’s Mirror
Navy T. Säve-Söderbergh, 1946. The Navy of the Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty. Uppsala.
OJA Oxford Journal of Archaeology
OLA Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta
PAP Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
PPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
RDAC Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus
Res Mycenaeae A. Heubeck and G. Neumann, eds., 1983. Res Mycenaeae. (Akten des VII. Internationalen Mykenologischen Kolloquiums in Nürnberg vom 6-10. April 1981). Göttingen.
RM Swiny, S., R. L. Hohlfelder and H. W. Swiny, eds., 1997. Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity. Proceedings of the Second International Symposium "Cities on the Sea" (Nicosia, Cyprus, October 18-22, 1994). (Cyprus American Archaeological Research Institute Monograph Series, Vol. 1). Atlanta, Scholars Press.
S3IBAL S. Wachsmann, S., 1998. Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. College Station.
Sandy Pylos J.L. Davis, ed. 1998. Sandy Pylos: An Archaeological History from Nestor to Navarino. Austin, University of Texas Press.
Sea Peoples E.D. Oren, ed. 2000. The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment. (University Museum Monograph 108: University Museum Symposium Series 11). Philadelphia, The University Museum.
SSAW Casson, L., 1995. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press.
Steffy Steffy, J. R., 1994. Wooden Ship Building and the Interpretation of Shipwrecks. College Station, Texas A&M Press.
TAM Casson, L., 1991. The Ancient Mariners. Second Edition. Princeton.
Thalassa R. Laffineur and L. Basch, eds. 1991. Thalassa: L'Égée préhistorique et la mer. (Actes de la troisième Recontre égéenne internationale de l'Université de Liège, Station de recherches sous-marines et océanographiques [StaReSO], Clavi, Corse [23-25 avril 1990]). Liege.
Thalassocracy Minoan Thalassocracy: Myth and Reality, The. (Proceedings of the Third International Symposium at the Swedish Institute in Athens, 31 May-5 June, 1982). Eds. R. Hägg and N. Marinatos. Stockholm. 1984.
Thera 3(1) Hardy, D.A., ed. 1990. Thera and the Aegean World III. Vol. 1: Archaeology. (Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Santorini, Greece, 3-9 September 1989). London.
Thera 3(3) Hardy, D.A., ed. 1990. Thera and the Aegean World III. Vol. 3: Chronology. (Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Santorini, Greece, 3-9 September 1989). London.
Holmes’s First Law Eliminate all other factors, and the one that remains will be the truth. (From The Sign of the Four).
Holmes’s Second Law It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data. (From A Scandal in Bohemia).
Pasteur’s Observation In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind.
Occam’s Razor A scientific and philosophic rule that entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily, which is interpreted as requiring that the simplest of competing theories be preferred to the more complex, or that explanations of unknown phenomena be sought first in terms of known quantities.

CHRONOLOGY

CHRONOLOGY

Time is what keeps everything from happening at once.
Ray Cummings, The Girl in the Golden Atom

  • Aharoni, Y. and M. Avi-Yonah, 1993. The Macmillan Bible Atlas. Completely Revised Third Edition by A.F. Rainey and Z. Safrai. New York: 201-203.
  • Bouzek, J., 1985. The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millennium B.C. (SIMA 39): 17.
  • Dickinson, O., 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge: 9-22.
  • Hankey, V., 1987. The Chronology of the Aegean Late Bronze Age. In: High, Middle, or Low? (Acts of an International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology Held at the University of Gothenburg, August 20-22, 1987) II. Ed. P Åström. (SIMAL: Pocketbook 57). Gothenburg: 39-59.
  • Karageorghis, V., 1982. Cyprus: From the Stone Age to the Romans. London: 9-10.
  • Kitchen, K.A., 1987. The Basics of Egyptian Chronology in Relation to the Bronze Age. In: High, Middle, or Low? (Acts of an International Colloquium on Absolute Chronology Held at the University of Gothenburg, August 20-22, 1987) I. Ed. P Åström. (SIMAL: Pocketbook 57). Gothenburg: 37-55.
  • Mazar, A., 1990. Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000-586 B.C.E. New York: 30.
  • Stern, E., ed. 1993. The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land 4. Ed. E. Stern. Jerusalem: 1530-1533.

1. AN INTRODUCTION

Sailing in the sea, beginning the goodly way…
BAR II § 253

GENERAL

  • Here’s what we are going to do…
  • Preparation for each session
  • On writing your seminar paper
  • On plagiarism
  • Date for submission of seminar paper synopsis
  • Date for submission of seminar papers

ON WRITING

  • The Chicago Manual of Style. Fourteenth Edition, Revised and Expanded. Chicago. 1993.
  • Flesch, R.F., 1949. The Art of Readable Writing. New York.
  • Hacker, D., 1988. Rules for Writers: A Concise Handbook. New York. (Pp. 444-454, Logic in Argumentative Essays.)
  • Hodder, I., 1989. Writing Archaeology: Site Reports in Context. Antiquity 63: 268-274.
  • Provost, G., 1990. Make Your Words Work. Cincinnati.
  • Strunk, W., Jr. and E.B. White, 1979. The Elements of Style. Third Edition. London.
  • Tichy, H.J., 1966. Effective Writing for Engineers, Managers and Scientists. New York.

REFLECTIONS ON WRITING

Orwell’s Law of Language: The great enemy of clear language is insincerity. When there is a gap between one’s real and one’s declared aims, one turns as it were instinctively to long words and exhausted idioms, like a cuttlefish squirting out ink…
Orwell suggested six rules to improve one’s writing:

  • Never use a metaphor, simile, or other figure of speech that you are used to seeing in print.
  • Never use a long word where a short one will do.
  • If it is possible to cut a word out, always cut it out.
  • Never use the passive where you can use the active.
  • Never use a foreign phrase, a scientific word, or a jargon word if you can think of an everyday English equivalent.
  • Break any of these rules sooner than say anything outright barbarous.

ASSIGNMENT: SEAFARING IN WENAMUN

The eleventh-century B.C. Tale of Wenamun is packed with references pertinent to contemporary seafaring. Read the tale and mark all references pertaining to seafaring in the Tale of Wenamun. After you have collected all details, check under ‘Wenamun’ in S3IBAL’s index for pertinent passages you might have missed. We will discuss this at the beginning of next class.

  • ANET: 25-29 (Tale of Wenamun).
  • Casson, L., 1991. The Ancient Mariners. Second Edition. Princeton: 46-54.
  • Egberts, A., 1991. The Chronology of The Report of Wenamun. JEA 77: 57-67.
  • Goedicke, H., 1975. The Report of Wenamun. Baltimore.

2. REFLECTIONS ON THE EVIDENCE

2. REFLECTIONS ON THE EVIDENCE

Ceci n’est pas une pipe.
Caption in Magritte’s Les deux mystères

GENERAL READING

  • Bouzek, J., 1985. The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millennium B.C. (SIMA 39) Göteborg: 15-17. (The Methodological Approach).
  • S3IBAL: 3-5.
  • Tzalas, H., 1990. “Kyrenia” II in the Fresco of Pedoula Church, Cyprus: A Comparison with Ancient Ship Iconography. Tropis 2: 323-327.
  • Wachsmann, S., 1987. Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. (OLA 20). Leuven: 1-26.

TEXTS

  • Amarna: XIII-XXXIX (introduction to the Amarna Letters), L (map of the world reflected in the Amarna Letters).
  • Thomas, C.G., 1998. Searching for the Historical Homer. Odyssey 1/1: 26-33, 70.

SHIP ICONOGRAPHY AND THE METHODOLOGY OF INTERPRETATION 

  • Basch, L., 1976. One Aspect of the Problems which Arise From the Interpretation of Representations of Ancient Ships. MM 62: 231-233.
  • Basch, L., 1987. The Interpretation of Ship Representations in Profile. MM 73: 198-200.
  • Bouzek, J., 1985. The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millennium B.C. (SIMA 39) Göteborg: 15-17. (The Methodological Approach).
  • Coates, J.F., 1985. Interpretation of Ancient Ship Representations. MM 73: 197.
  • S3IBAL: 3-5.
  • Tzalas, H., 1990. “Kyrenia” II in the Fresco of Pedoula Church, Cyprus: A Comparison with Ancient Ship Iconography. Tropis 2: 323-327.

EGYPTIAN ART 1 

  • Schäfer, H., 1974. Principals of Egyptian Art. Trans. J. Baines. Oxford: 1-159.

EGYPTIAN ART 2 

  • Brunner-Traut. E., 1986. Aspective. In: H. Schäfer, H. Principals of Egyptian Art. Trans. J. Baines. Oxford: 421-446.
  • Kantor, H.J., 1957. Narration in Egyptian Art. AJA 61: 44-54, pls. 11-16.
  • Wachsmann, S., 1987. Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. (OLA 20). Leuven: 1-26.

SESSION REFLECTIONS 

  • Holmes ‘s First Law – Eliminate all other factors, and the one that remains will be the truth. (From The Sign of the Four).
  • Holmes ‘s Second Law – In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind.
  • Paster ‘s Observation – In the field of observation, chance favors only the prepared mind.
  • Occam ‘s razor – A scientific and philosophic rule that entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily which is interpreted as requiring that the simplest of competing theories be preferred to the more complex, or that explanations of unknown phenomena be sought first in terms of known quantities.

3. ON THE TRAIL OF THE EARLIEST MEDITERRANEAN SEAFARERS

3. ON THE TRAIL OF THE EARLIEST MEDITERRANEAN SEAFARERS

Some went down to the sea in ships…

Psalms 107: 23

GENERAL READING

  • Bascom, W., 1976. Deep Water, Ancient Ships: The Treasure Vault of the Mediterranean. Garden City, Doubleday & Company, Inc.: 32-38. Flood: 73-92.
  • S3IBAL: 41, 69.
  • Redford, D.B., 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: 3-28.
  • Tzallas, H. 1995. On the Obsidian Trail: With a Papyrus Craft in the Cyclades. Tropis 3: 441-469. (Note select bibliography on Franchthi Cave, pp. 459-462).

THE MEDITERRANEAN

  • Cherry, J.F., 1981. Pattern and Process in the Earliest Colonization of the Mediterranean Islands. PPS 47: 41-68.
  • Cherry, J.F., 1990. The First Colonization of the Mediterranean Islands: A Review of Recent Research. JMA 3: 145-221.
  • Simmons, A. H., 2014. Stone Age Sailors: Paleolithic Seafaring in the Mediterranean. Walnut Creek, CA, Left Coast Press, Inc.

CYPRUS

  • Flood: 73-92.
  • Karageorghis, V., 1982. Cyprus: From the Stone Age to the Romans. London: 16-39.
  • Simmons, A.H., 1988. Test Excavations at Akrotiri-Aetokremnos (Site E), An Early Prehistoric Occupation in Cyprus: Preliminary Report. RDAC (Part I): 1524.
  • Simmons, A.H., 1991. Humans, Island Colonization and Pleistocene Extinctions in the Mediterranean: The View from Akrotiri Aetokremnos, Cyprus. Antiquity 65: 857-869.
  • Simmons, A. H., 2007. The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape. Tucson: 229-263, 281-328 (Chapter 9: And on the Islands: The Colonization of Cyprus).
  • Simmons, A.H. and D.S. Reese, 1993. Hippo Hunters of Akrotiri. Archaeology 40-43.

THE AEGEAN

  • Broodbank, C., 2000. The Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 92-143.
  • Broodbank, C. and T.F. Strasser, 1991. Migrant Farmers and the Neolithic Colonization of Crete. Antiquity 65: 233-245.
  • Davis, J.L., 1992. Review of Aegean Prehistory I: The Islands of the Aegean. AJA 96: 699-756. [Read the parts dealing with the period prior to the Bronze Age]
  • Ferentinos, G., M. Gkioni and M. Geraga 2008. Sea-Level Changes from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Early Neolithic and Their Implications on the Colonization of the Ionian Islands, Western Greece. In Abstract Book: Landscape Evolution & Geoarchaeology. (13th Belgium-France-Italy-Romania Geomorphological Meeting, June 18-21, 2008). 47-48.
  • Colonization of the Ionian Island in Western Greece. In Abstracts: 15th Annual Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists. (15-20 September 2009, Riv del Garda | Trento, Italy). 103-104.
  • Ferentinos, G., M. Gkioni and M. Geraga, n.d. Sea Level Changes from the Middle
    Palaeolithic to the Early Neolithic Period and Their Implications on the
  • Colonization of the Ionian Islands in Western Greece. In Stable Places and Changing Perceptions: Cave Archaeology in the Aegean and Adjacent Areas. J. Jensen and F. Mavridis, eds.: 1-32.
  • Marangou, C., 2001. Neolithic Watercraft: Evidence from Nothern Greek Wetlands. In Enduring Records: The Environmental and Cultural Heitage of Wetlands. B. A. Purdy, ed. Oxford, Oxbow Books: 192-205.
  • Tichy, R., 2001. Expedice Monoxylon: Procházime z mladsí doby Kamenné. Hradec Králové, Spolecnost experimentáini archeologic Hradec Králové a JB Production. (Monoxylon Expeditions: Our Journey from the Neolithic.). (English Summary: 185-222.
  • Tzallas, H. 1995. On the Obsidian Trail: With a Papyrus Craft in the Cyclades. Tropis 3: 441-469. (Note select bibliography on Franchthi Cave, pp. 459-462). (Located in E-Reserves under Navigation [12]).
  • Tzamtzis, A.I., 1990. “Papyrella”: Remote Descendant of a Middle Stone Age Craft? Tropis 2: 329-332.
  • van Andel, T.H., and C.N. Runnels, 1988. An Essay on the ‘Emergence of Civilization’ in the Aegean World. Antiquity 62: 234-247.

PALEOLITHIC SETTLERS IN CRETE?

  • Borrell, B., 2010. Bon Voyage, Caveman. Archaeology 63(3): 9, 54.
  • Marshall, M., 2012. Neanderthals Were Ancient Mariners. NewScientist 213(2854): 10.
  • Strasser, T. F., E. Panagopoulou, C. N. Runnels, et al., 2010. Stone Age Seafaring in the Mediterranean: Evidence from the Plakias Region for Lower Paleolithic and Mesolithic Habitation of Crete. Hesperia 79: 145-190.

THE “ARABO-PERSIAN GULF OASIS”

  • Rose, J. I., 2010. New Light on Human Prehistory in the Arabo-Persian Gulf Oasis. Current Anthropology 51: 849-883.

THE FLOODING OF THE BLACK SEA

  • Ballard, R. D., 2001. Deep Black Sea. National Geographic Magazine 199(5): 52-69.
  • Ballard, R. D. and M. McConnell, 2001. Adventures in Ocean Exploration: From the Discovery of the Titanic to the Search for Noah’s Flood. Washington: 30-43.
  • Bascom, W., 1976. Deep Water, Ancient Ships: The Treasure Vault of the Mediterranean. Garden City, Doubleday & Company, Inc.: 32-38.
  • Flood.

THE EGYPTIAN/MESOPOTAMIAN CONNECTION

  • Bénédite, G., 1916. Le couteau de Gebel-el- ‘Arak. Monuments et mémoires publiés par l ‘Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. Fondation Eugene Piot 22: 134.
  • Case, H. and J.C. Payne, 1962. Tomb 100: The Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis. JEA 48: 5-18.
  • Landström, B., 1970. Ships of the Pharaohs. Garden City: pp. 9-25. [NB. Be wary of the author’s reconstructions.]
  • Frankfort, H., 1941. The Origin of Monumental Architecture in Egypt. AJSLL 58: 329358.
  • Mark, S.E., 1997. From Egypt to Mesopotamia: A Study of Predynastic Trade Routes. College Station.
  • MIMA: 55-62.
  • Redford, D.B., 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: 3-28.
  • SSAW: 11-29.
  • Vinson, S.M., 1987. Boats of Egypt Before the Old Kingdom. (Unpublished MA thesis: Texas A&M University)
  • Williams, B. and T.J. Logan, 1987. The Metropolitan Museum Knife Handle and Aspects of Pharaonic Imagery Before Narmer. JNES 46: 245-85.
  • Winkler, H.A., 1938-1939. The Rock Drawings of Southern Upper Egypt I-II. London.

PLEISTOCENE SEAFARING

  • Bednarik, R. G., 1997. The Earliest Evidence of Ocean Navigation. IJNA 26(3): 183-191.
  • Bednarik, R.G., 1998. Mariners of the Pleistocene. INA Quarterly 25/3: 7-15.

4. EGYPTIAN SEAFARING

4. EGYPTIAN SEAFARING
Sailing, arriving in peace, journeying to Thebes with joy of heart…

From the scene of Hatshepsut’s Punt ships at Deir el Bahri
BAR II: § 266

GENERAL READING

  • Redford, D.B., 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: 3-237.
  • S3IBAL: 9-38, 256-262.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

  • Redford, D.B., 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: 3-237.

EARLY DYNASTIC AND OLD KINGDOM

  • Breasted, J. H., 1917. The Earliest Boats on the Nile. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 4: 174-176, 255, pls. XXXIII-XXXIV, LIV.
  • Gophna, R., 2002. Elusive Anchorage Points Along the Israel Littoral and the Egyptian-Canaanite Maritime Route During the Early Bronze Age I. In Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the Fourth Through the Third Millennia BCE. van den Brink, E. C., and T. E. Levy, eds. London, Continuum: 418-421.
  • Haldane, C.W., 1992. “A Pharaoh’s Fleet:” Early Dynastic Hulls from Abydos. INA Quarterly 19/2: 12-13.
  • Hornell, J., 1939-1940. The Frameless Boats of the Middle Nile I-II. MM 25: 417-432; 26: 125-144.
  • Jenkins, N., 1980. The Boat Beneath the Pyramid. London.
  • Lipke, P., 1984. The Royal Ship of Cheops. (BARIS CXXV). Greenwich.
  • Miller, P., 1988. Riddle of the Pyramid Boats. National Geographic Magazine 173: 534-550.
  • MIMA: 55-62.
  • O’Connor, D., 1991. Boat Graves and Pyramid Origins. Expedition 33/3: 5-17.
  • Rogers, E.M., 1992. Boat Reliefs in the Tomb of Ti and Mastaba of Mereruka. INA Quarterly 19/3: cover, 8-11.
  • SSAW: 16-22.
  • Steffy: 23-33.
  • Ward, C. A., 2000. Sacred and Secular: Ancient Egyptian Ships and Boats. (Archaeological Institute of America Monograph New Series, Number 5). Philadelphia, Kendall/Hunt Publishing: 39-80.
  • Yoshimura, S. and H. Kurokochi, 2013. Brief Report of the Project of the Second Boat of King Khufu. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 5(1): 85-89.

EGYPTIAN SEAGOING SHIPS/PUNT

  • Abd el-Raziq, M., G. Castel and P. Tallet, 2004. Dans le golfe de Suez, les mines de cuivre d‘Ayn Soukhna. Archéologia 414: 10−21.
  • Abd el-Raziq, M., G. Castel and P. Tallet, 2006. Ayn Soukhna et la mer Rouge. Égypte, Afrique et Orient 41: 3−6.
  • Abd el-Raziq, M., G. Castel and P. Tallet, 2007. L ‘exploration archéologique du site d‘Ayn Soukhna (2001-2004). In Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists/Actes du Neuvième Congrès International des Égyptologues, Grenoble, 6-12 septembre 2004, I. J.-C. Goyon, ed. Leuven, Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies: 61−68.
  • Abd el-Raziq, M., G. Castel and P. Tallet, 2010. Ayn Soukhna. June 21, 2010, (https://www.ifao.egnet.net/archeologie/ayn-soukhna/).
  • Bard, K. A. and R. Fattovich, 2007. Harbor of the Pharaohs to the Land of Punt. Arcaheolgical Investigations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt 2001-2005. Naples, Università degli Studi di Napoli l‘Orientale.
  • Bard, K. A. and R. Fattovich, 2010. Spatial Use of the Twelfth Dynasty harbor at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis for the Seafaring Expeditions to Punt. JAEI 2(3): 113.
  • Delgado, J. P., 2008. Nautical Archaeology, 2006-2007 Seasons. J. Delgado, ed. American Journal of Archaeology 112: 307-335 (Mersa Gawasis = pp. 307-310)
  • Fattovich, R. and K. A. Bard, 2006. Joint Archaeological Expedition at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis (Red Sea, Egypt) of the University of Naples “L‘Orientale” (Naples, Italy), Instituto Italiano per l‘Africa e l‘Oriente (Rome, Italy), and Boston University (Boston, U.S.A.) – 2005-2006 Field Season.
  • Fattovich, R., 2005. Marsā Gawāsīs: A Pharaonic Coastal Settlement by the Red Sea in Egypt. In People of the Red Sea, Proceedings of Red Sea Project II held in the British Museum, October 2004. (BAR S1395, Series for Arabian Studies 3.) J. C. M. Starkey, ed. Oxford, Archaeopress: 15-22.
  • Faulkner, R.O., 1940. Egyptian Seagoing Ships. JEA 26: 3-9 and pls. II-IV.
  • Kitchen, K.A., 1971. Punt and How to Get There. Orientalia 40: 184-207.
  • Landström, B., 1970. Ships of the Pharaohs. Garden City: 122-127.
  • Navy: 8-30.
  • S3IBAL: 9-29.
  • Sayed, A. M. A. H., 1980. Observations on Recent Discoveries at Wâdî Gâwâsîs. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 66: 154-157, pls XXI-XXII.
  • Tallet, P., 2013. The Wadi el-Jarf Site: A Harbor of Khufu on the Red Sea. Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 5(1): 76-84.
  • Tallet, P. and G. Marouard, 2012. An Early Pharaonic Harbour on the Red Sea Coast. Egyptian Archaeology 40: 40-43.
  • Veldmeijer, A. J. and C. Zazzaro, 2008. The ‘Rope Cave’ at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis [Poster]. In Abstracts of Papers. Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists (Rhodes, Greece, 22-29 May 2008). P. Kousoulis, ed. Rhodes, International Association of Egyptologists & University of the Aegean: 260 and handout.
  •  Ward, C. and C. Zazzaro, 2010. Evidence for Pharaonic Seagoing Ships at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt. IJNA 39: 27-43.
  • Ward, C., 2010. From River to Sea: Evidence for Egyptian Seafaring Ships. JAEI 2(3): 42-49.

NILOTIC VESSELS

  • Doyle, N., 1998. Iconography and the Interpretation of Ancient Egyptian Watercraft. (MA, Texas A&M University.)
  • Creasman, P. P. and N. Doyle, 2010. Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography. JAEI 2(3): 14-30.

ROYAL BOAT BURIAL AT ABYDOS

  • Wegner, J., 2016. A Royal Boat Burial and Watercraft Tableau of Egypt’s 12th Dynasty (c.1850 BCE) at South Abydos. IJNA.

EGYPTIAN ANCHORS

  • Basch, L., 1985. Anchors in Egypt. MM 71: 453-467.
  • Basch, L., 1994. Some Remarks on the Use of Stone Anchors and Pierced Stones in Egypt. IJNA 23: 219-227.
    Fattovich, R., 2005. Marsā Gawāsīs: A Pharaonic Coastal Settlement by the Red Sea in Egypt. In People of the Red Sea, Proceedings of Red Sea Project II held in the British Museum, October 2004. (BAR S1395, Series for Arabian Studies, 3.) J. C. M. Starkey, ed. Oxford, Archaeopress: 15-22.
  • Fattovich, R. and K. A. Bard, 2006. Joint Archaeological Expedition at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis (Red Sea, Egypt) of the University of Naples “L ‘Orientale” (Naples, Italy), Instituto Italiano per l‘Africa e l‘Oriente (Rome, Italy), and Boston University (Boston, U.S.A.) – 2005-2006 Field Season. (February 2008.) (https://www.archaeogate.org/egittologia/article/441/1/jointarchaeological-expedition-at-mersawadi-gawasis-re.html).
  • Frost, H., 1979. Egypt and Stone Anchors: Some Recent Discoveries. MM 65: 137-161.
  • Nibbi, A., 1984. Ancient Egyptian Anchors: A Focus on the Facts. MM 70: 247-266.
  • Nibbi, A., 1992. A Group of Stone Anchors from Mirgissa on the Upper Nile. IJNA 21: 259-267.
  • S3IBAL: 255-262.
  • Sayed, A.M.A.H., 1977. Discovery of the Site of the 12th Dynasty Port at Wadi Gawasis on the Red Sea Shore (Preliminary Report on the Excavations of the Faculty of Arts, University of Alexandria, in the Eastern Desert of Egypt – March 1976). Revue d‘Égyptologie 29: 140-178.
    Sayed, A.M.A.H., 1980. Observations on Recent Discoveries at Wâdî Gâwâsîs. JEA 66: 154-157, pls. XXI-XXII.
  •  Veldmeijer, A. J. and C. Zazzaro, 2008. The ‘Rope Cave’ at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis [Poster]. In Abstracts of Papers. Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists (Rhodes, Greece, 22-29 May 2008). P. Kousoulis, ed. Rhodes, International Association of Egyptologists & University of the Aegean: 260 and handout.
  • Zazzaro, C. and M. Abd el-Magid, 2012. Ancient Egyptian Stone Anchors from Mersa Gawasis. In The Red Sea in Pharonic Times: Recent Discoveries along the Red Sea Coast. (Proceedings of the Colloquium held in Cario/Ayn Soukhna, 11th-12th January, 2009.). 155.) P. Tallet and E.-S. Mahfouz, eds. Cairo, Institut français d’archéologie orientale: 87-95, figs. 1-14.

EGYPT IN ASIA DURING THE NEW KINGDOM & EXPEDITIONS TO SINAI

  • Gardiner, A., 1917. The Tomb of a Much-Traveled Theban Official. JEA 4: 28-38, pls. VI-VII.
  • Lawler, A., 2010. Keeping Watch as the Old Kingdom Crumbled. Science 330: 1473.
  • Mumford, G., 2006. Tell Ras Budran (Site 345): Defining Egypt’s Eastern Frontier and Mining Operations in South Sinai during the Late Old Kingdom (Early EB IV/MB I). BASOR 342: 13-67.
  • Nibbi, A., 1979. Some Remarks on the Assumption of Ancient Egyptian Sea-Going. MM 65: 201-208.
  • Navy: 31-49.
  • Pomey, P., 2012. Annexe I: Les graffiti de la zone minière du Sud-Sinaï (Rod al-Air, Gebel al-Hazbar, Ouadi Shellal/Ouadi Boudra). In La zone minière pharonique du Sud-Sinaï — I: Catalogue complémentaire des inscriptions du Sud-Sinaï. (MIFAO 130.1.) P. Tallet, ed. Cairo, Institut français d’archéologie orientale: 279-296.
  • Weinstein, J.M., 1980. Was Tell Abu-Hawam a 19th Century Egyptian Naval Base? BASOR 238: 43-46.
  • S3IBAL: 32-38.

5. SYRO-CANAANITE SEAFARING

5. SYRO-CANAANITE SEAFARING

If his ship comes back from Crete…

RS 16.238 + 254

GENERAL READING

  • Aharoni, Y. and M. Avi-Yonah, 1993. The Macmillan Bible Atlas. Completely Revised Third Edition by A.F. Rainey and Z. Safrai. New York. (Maps with good summaries of the historical process.)
  • Heltzer, M., 1988. Sinaranu, Son of Siginu, and the Trade Relations Between Ugarit and Crete. Minos 23: 7-13.
  • S3IBAL: 39-60, 215-227, 239-241, 262-274, 333-344.

SYRO-CANAANITE SHIPS

  • Basch, L., 1978. Le navire mns et autres notes de voyage en Égypte. Mariners Mirror 64: 118-121 (Read pp. 99-111).
  • Davies, N. de G. and R.O. Faulkner, 1947. A Syrian Trading Venture to Egypt. JEA 33: 40-46, pl. 8.
  • MIMA: 62-66.
  • Navy: 49-70.
  • Porada, E., 1984. The Cylinder Seal from Tell el-Dabca. AJA 88: 485-488, pl. 65, figs. 13.
  • S3IBAL: 39-60.

THE RIB-ADDI CORRESPONDENCE IN EL AMARNA ARCHIVES

  • Amarna: EA 68-71, 73-79, 81-96, 102-114, 116-119; 121-126, 129-130; 132, 136-138, 362.

UGARIT

  • Astour, M.C., 1973. Ugarit and the Aegean. AOAT 22: 7-27.
  • Gaster, T. H., 1938. A Phoenician Naval Gazette. Palestinian Exploration Quarterly: 105-112.
  • Heltzer, M., 1977. The Metal Trade of Ugarit and the Problem of Transportation of Commercial Goods. Iraq 39: 303-311.
  • Heltzer, M., 1982. The Internal Organization of the Kingdom of Ugarit. Wiesbaden: 188-191 (Excursus 1: Shipbuilding in Ugarit and its Organization).
  • Heltzer, M., 1988. Sinaranu, Son of Siginu, and the Trade Relations Between Ugarit and Crete. Minos 23: 7-13.
  • Lambrou-Philipson, C., 1993. Ugarit: A Late Bronze Age Thalassocracy? The Evidence of the Textual Sources. Orientalia 62:163-170.
  • Linder, E., 1993. Ugarit: A Canaanite Thalassocracy. In: Ugarit in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Ugarit and Ugaritic. Ed. G.D. Young: 31-42.
  • S3IBAL: 333-344.
  • Sasson, J.M., 1966. Canaanite Maritime Involvement in the Second Millennium B.C.
  • JAOS 86: 126-138.

SYRO-CANAANITE RELIGION AND THE SEA

  • Brody, A.J., 1998. “Each Man Cried Out to his God:” The Specialized Religion of Canaanite and Phoenician Seafarers. (Harvard Semitic Monographs 85). L.E. Stager, ed. Atlanta.

ANCHORS OF THE SYRO-CANAANITE COAST

  • Frost, H., 1969. The Stone Anchors of Ugarit. Ugaritica 6: 235-245.
  • Frost, H., 1969. The Stone Anchors of Byblos. Mélanges de l’Université Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth 45: 425-442.
  • Frost, H., 1986. Comment on ‘A Group of Stone Anchors from Newe Yam’ (IJNA 14: 143-153). IJNA 15: 65-66.
  • Frost, H., 1991. Anchors Sacred and Profane: Ugarite-Ras Shamra, 1986: The Stone Anchors Revised and Compared. In Ras Shamra-Ougarit VI: Arts et Industries de la pierre. M. Yon, ed. Paris and Lyon, Editions Recherche sur les civilisations and Maison de l’Orient: 355-410.
  • Galili, E., 1985. A Group of Stone Anchors from Newe Yam. IJNA 14: 143-153.
  • Galili, E. and K. Raveh, 1988. Stone Anchors with Carvings from the Sea off Megadim. Sefunim 7: 41-47, pl. V.
  • Galili, E., J. Sharvit and M. Artzy, 1994. Reconsidering Byblian and Egyptian Stone Anchors Using Numeral Methods: New Finds from the Israeli Coast. IJNA 23: 93-107.
  • Hirschfeld, Y. The Anchor Church at the Summit of Mt. Berenice, Tiberias. BA 57: 122-133.
  • S3IBAL: 262-274.

6. CYPRIOT (ALASHIAN) SEAFARING

6. CYPRIOT (ALASHIAN) SEAFARING

A ship from Alas[hia….] which is in Atallig…
KTU 4.strong90

GENERAL READING 

  • Holmes, Y.L., 197strong. Egypt and Cyprus: Late Bronze Age Trade and Diplomacy. AOAT 22: 91-98.
  • SstrongIBAL: 61-67, 295-296, 27strong-281.
  • Shaw, J.W., 1995. Two Three-Holed Anchors from Kommos, Crete. IJNA 12: 279-291.

THE HISTORY OF CYPRUS

  • Karageorghis, V., 1982. Cyprus: From the Stone Age to the Romans. London: 40-122.


CYPRIOT SHIPS

  • Westerberg, K., 198strong. Cypriote Ships from the Bronze Age to c. 500 B.C. Gothenberg. (Use with caution as some of the depictions are foreign, mainly Mycenaean/ Sea Peoples ships found in Cyprus. Compare with SstrongIBAL: 12strong-176). SstrongIBAL: 61-67.


CONCERNING ALASHIA

  • Amarna: XIII-XXXIX (introduction to the Amarna Letters), L (map of the world reflected in the Amarna Letters), EA strongstrong-40, 114.
  • Holmes, Y.L., 197strong. Egypt and Cyprus: Late Bronze Age Trade and Diplomacy. AOAT 22: 91-98.
  • Lipinski, E., 1977. An Ugaritic Letter to Amenophis III Concerning Trade with Alasiya. Iraq strong9: 21strong-217.
  • Muhly, J.D., 1972. The Land of Alashiya: References to Alashiya in the Texts of the Second Millennium B.C. and the History of Cyprus in the Late Bronze Age. In: Praktika tou Protou Diethnous Kyprologikou Synedriou. Nicosia: 210-219. SstrongIBAL: 295-296.


CYPRIOT TRADE

  • Himmelhoch, L., 1990-1991. The Use of the Ethnics a-ra-si-jo and ku-pi-ri-jo in Linear B Texts. Minos 5-26: 91-104.
  • Hirschfeld, N., 1990. Incised Marks on Late Helladic and Late Minoan III Pottery. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis; Texas A & M University).
  • Hirschfeld, N., 1990. Fine Tuning: An Analysis of Bronze Age Potmarks as Clues to Maritime Trade. INA Newsletter 17/1: 18-21.
  • Hirschfeld, N., 1996. Cypriots in the Mycenaean Aegean. In: Atti e memorie del secondo congresso internazionale di micenologia (Roma-Napoli, 14-20 October 1991). Eds. E. De Miro, L. Godart and A. Sacconi. Rome: 289-297.
  • Holmes, Y.L., 1975. The Foreign Trade of Cyprus During the Late Bronze Age. In: The Archaeology of Cyprus: Recent Developments. Ed. N. Robertson. Park Ridge: 90-110.
  • Ling, J., Z. Stos-Gale, L. Grandin, et al., 2014. Moving metals II: Provenancing Scandinavian Bronze Age Artefacts by Lead Isotope and Elemental Analyses. Science 41: 106-1strong2.
  • Ling, J. and Z. Stos-Gale, 2015. Representations of Oxhide Ingots in Scandinavian Rock Art: The Sketchbook of a Bronze Age Traveler? Antiquity 89: 191-209.

CYPRIOT ANCHORS

  • Basch, L., 1978. Le navire mns et autres notes de voyage en Égypte. MM 64: 118-121 (Read pp. 118-121).
  • Frost, H., 1986. Appendix I: The Kition Anchors. In: V. Karageorghis and M. Demas, Excavations at Kition V: I: The Pre-Phoenician Levels, Areas I and II. Nicosia 281-strong21, pls. A-N.
  • SstrongIBAL: 27strong-281.
  • Shaw, J.W., 1995. Two Three-Holed Anchors from Kommos, Crete. IJNA 12: 279-291.

7. MINOAN/CYCLADIC SHIPS & SEAFARING

7. MINOAN/CYCLADIC SHIPS & SEAFARING

The arrival in peace of the chiefs of Keftiu-land (and) the islands which are within the Great Sea…

Inscription from the Theban Tomb of Rechmire

GENERAL READING

  • Dickinson, O., 1994. The Aegean Bronze Age. Cambridge.
  • Doumas, C.G., 1992. The Wall Paintings of Thera. (Trans. A. Doumas). Athens.
  • S3IBAL: 69-121, 243, 351-352 n. 1, 275-281.
  • Wachsmann, S., 2000. Some Notes on Mediterranean Seafaring During the Second Millennium B.C. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium, The Wall Paintings of Thera. S. Sherratt, ed. Athens: 803-824.

EARLY BRONZE AGE AEGEAN SHIPS & SEAFARING

  • Agoudis, C., 1997. Sea Routes and Navigation in the Third Millennium Aegean. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16: 1-24.
  • Basch, L., 1986. The Aegina Pirate Ships of c. BC 1700. MM 72: 415-437.
  • MIMA: 76-93.
  • Broodbank, C., 1989. The Longboat and Society in the Cyclades in the Keros-Syros Culture. AJA 93: 319-337.
  • Broodbank, C., 2000. The Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: 256-275.
  • Coleman, J. E., 1985. “Frying Pans” of the Early Bronze Age Aegean. American Journal of Archaeology: 191-219, pls. 33-37.
  • S3IBAL: 69-82.

THE THERAN NAVAL FRESCOES AND MINOAN SHIP REPRESENTATIONS

  • Bishop, C. W., 1938. Long Houses and Dragon Boats. Antiquity 12: 411-424, pls. I-IV (particularly pp. 411-412, 415-424).
  • Casson, L., 1975. Bronze Age Ships. The Evidence of the Thera Wall Paintings. IJNA 4: 3-10.
  • Doumas, C., 1992. The Wall-Paintings of Thera. Trans. A. Doumas. Athens: 44-97.
  • Marinatos, N., 1984. Art and Religion in Thera: Reconstructing a Bronze Age Society. Athens: 34-61.
  • Marinatos, S., 1974. Excavations at Thera VI (1972 Season), Text and plates. Athens: (Text 19-60, pls. 30-111) & (Color Plates ).
  • MIMA: 93-132.
    Morgan, L., 1988. The Miniature Wall Paintings of Thera: A Study in Aegean Culture and Iconography. Cambridge: 116-165, 201-211, pls. 1, 3, 8-13, 16, 25, 34, 42, 63, 67, 69, 75, 82, 93-94, 97-98, 117, 119-120, 123, 125-127, 129, 132-140, 145, 148-150, 159, 162-166, 169, 173-179, 181-182, 185-196, 198-199.
  • Raban, A., 1984. The Thera Ships: Another Interpretation. AJA 88: 11-19.
  • Reynolds, C. G., 1996. The Maritime Character of Minoan Civilization. The American Neptune 56: 315-351.
  • S3IBAL: 83-121.
  • Shaw, M.C., 1982. Ship Cabins of the Bronze Age Aegean. IJNA 11: 53-58.
  • Strasser, T. F., 2010. Location and Perspective of the Theran Flotilla Fresco. JMA 23: 326.
  • Warren, P., 1979. The Miniature Fresco from the West House at Akrotiri, Thera, and its Aegean Setting. JHS 99: 115-129, color pls. A-B.
  • Wachsmann, S., 1980. The Thera Waterborne Procession Reconsidered. IJNA 9: 287-295.
  • Wachsmann, S., 2007. Minoan Seafaring. In Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History. Vol. II. J. B. Hattendorf, ed. New York, Oxford University Press: 575-577.
  • Wachsmann, S., 2011. Which Way Forward? On the Directionality of Minoan/Cycladic Ships. Skyllis (Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Unterwasserarchäeologie e.V.) 11(2): 12-18.

THE PSEIRA ISLAND, CRETE & KOULENTI, LACONIA CARGO SITES/SHIPWRECKS (?)

  • Bonn-Muller, E., 2010. First Minoan Shipwreck. Archaeology 63(1): 44-47.
  • Hadjidaki, E. and P. Betancourt, 2005-2006. A Minoan Shipwreck off Pseira Island, East Crete, Preliminary Report. Eulimene 6-7: 79-96.
  • Spondylis, E., 2012. A Minoan Shipwreck off Laconia. Enalia 11: 6-7.

ON HUMAN SACRIFICE IN THE MINOAN/MYCENAEAN CULTURES

  • Buck, R.J., 1989. Mycenaean Human Sacrifice. Minos 24: 131-137.
  • S3IBAL: 113-122.
  • Sakellarakis, Y. and E. Sapouna-Sakellaraki, 1981. Drama of Death in a Minoan Temple. National Geographic Magazine 159: 205-222.
  • Sakellarakis, J.A., and D. Sapouna-Sakellaraki, 1991. Archanes. Athens: 136-156.
  • Warren, P., 1984. Knossos: New Excavations and Discoveries. Archaeology 37/4: 48-56.

MINOANS IN THE EAST

  • Bietak, M., N. Marinatos, C. Palivou, et al., 2007. Taureador Scenes in Tell El-Dabʻa (Avaris) and Knossos. (Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie Bd. 43.) Wien. [Evans call # AS142 .A518 Bd.43.]
  • Evans, A., 1936. Some Notes on the Tal Atchana Pottery. JHS 56: 133-134, pls. VI-VII.
  • Niemeier, W.-D., 1991. Minoan Artisans Traveling Overseas: The Alalakh Frescoes and the Painted Plaster Floor at Tel Kabri (Western Galilee. In Thalassa: 189201, pls. XLVI-LI.
  • S3IBAL: 84-85.
  • Strange, J., 1980. Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation. (Acta Theologica Danica 14). Leiden: 21-28.
  • Wachsmann, S., 1987. Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. (OLA 20). Leuven: 26-77, 103-105, 121-125, 127-129.

WHO WERE THE AEGEANS DEPICTED IN THE THEBAN TOMBS?

  • Kantor, H.J., 1947. The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium B.C. AJA 51: 1103, pls. I-XXVI.
  • Kuniholm, P.I., 1990. Overview and Assessment of the Evidence for the Date of the Eruption of Thera. In Thera 3(3): 13-18.
  • Manning, S. W., 1999. A Test of Time: the Volcano of Thera and the Chronology and History of the Aegean and East Mediterranean in the Mid Second Millennium BC. Oxford, Oxbow Books.
  • Manning, S.W., 1988. The Bronze Age Eruption of Thera: Absolute Dating, Aegean Chronology and Mediterranean Cultural Interrelations. JMA 1: 17-82.
  • Manning, S.W., 1989. The Santorini Eruption: An Update. JMA 2: 303-313.
  • Merrillees, R.S., 1972. Aegean Bronze Age Relations with Egypt. AJA 76: 281-294.
  • Muhly, J.D., 1991. Egypt, the Aegean and Late Bronze Age Chronology in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Review Article. JMA 4: 235-247, 256-262.
  • Peet, E., T., 1972. The Egyptian Writing-Board B.M. 5647, Bearing Keftiu Names. In Essays in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Sir Arthur Evans in Honour of his 75th Birthday. Essay Index Reprint Series. S. Casson, ed. Freeport, Books for Libraries Press: 90-99, pls. XV-XVI.
  • Rehak, P., 1996. Aegean Breechcloths, Kilts, and the Keftiu Paintings. AJA 100: 35-51. S3IBAL: 351-352 note 1.
    S3IBAL:85-86.

Strange, J., 1980. Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation. (Acta Theologica Danica XIV). Leiden: 56-70.

THE DATE OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THERA

  • Vercoutter, J., 1956. L ‘Égypte et le monde égéen préhellénique. Cairo.
  • Wachsmann, S., 1987. Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. (OLA 20). Leuven: 26-77, 103-105, 121-125, 127-129.
  • Wainwright, G.A., 1914. The Keftiu People of the Egyptian Monuments. Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology 6: 24-83.
  • Warren, P., 1995. Minoan Crete and Pharaonic Egypt. In: EAL: 1-18.

TELL EL DA‘BA/AHHOTEP’S SILVER (MINOAN) SHIP MODEL 

  • Bietak, M., 1996. Avaris the Capital of the Hyksos: Recent Excavations at Tell el-Dab ‘a. (The First Raymond and Beverly Sackler Foundation Distinguished Lecture in Egyptology.). London, British Museum Press.
  • Bietak, M., N. Marinatos, C. Palivou, et al., 2007. Taureador Scenes in Tell El-Dabʻa (Avaris) and Knossos. (Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie Bd. 43.) Wien, ÖAW, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
  • Morgan, L., 1995. Minoan Painting and Egypt: The Case of Tell el-Dab‘a. In EAL: 29-53.
  • Wachsmann, S., 2010. Ahhotep’s Silver Ship Model: The Minoan Context. JAEI 2(3): 31-41.

MINOAN THALASSOCRACY: MYTH OR REALITY?

  • Branigan, K., 1981. Minoan Colonialism. ABSA 76: 23-33.
  • Knapp, B.A., 1993. Thalassocracies in Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean Trade: Making and Breaking a Myth. World Archaeology 24: 332-347.
  • Sakellarakis, E. and Y. Sakellarakis 1984. The Keftiu and the Minoan Thalassocracy. In: The Minoan Thalassocracy: 197-202.
  • Starr, C.C., 1955. The Myth of the Minoan Thalassocracy. Historia 3: 282-291. Thalassocracy.
  • Wiener, M.H., 1984. Crete and the Cyclades in LM I: the Tale of the Conical Cups. In Thalassocracy: 17-26.
  • Wiener, M.H., 1990. The Isles of Crete? The Minoan Thalassocracy Revisited. In Thera 3(1): 128-160.

8. MYCENAEAN/ACHAEAN SEAFARING

8. MYCENAEAN/ACHAEAN SEAFARING

Rowers to Pleuron/going…
PY An 1

GENERAL READING

  • S3IBAL: 123-161, 275, 279-281.

GENERAL

  • Chadwick, J., 1976. The Mycenaean World. London.
  • Chadwick J., 1987. Linear B and Related Scripts. Berkeley: 6-43 (on Linear B). Sandy Pylos: 53-144.
  • Thomas, C.G., 1993. Myth Becomes History: Pre-Classical Greece. Claremont.

MYCENAEAN SHIPS: THE CASE OF THE HEADLESS OARSMEN

  • Basch, L., and Artzy, 1985. Ship Graffiti at Kition. Appendix II: Ship Graffiti at Kition. In: V. Karageorghis and M. Demas, Excavations at Kition V: The PrePhoenician Levels. Nicosia: 322-336.
  • Dakoronia, F., 1987. War-Ships on Sherds of LH IIIC Kraters from Kynos. In Tropis 2: 117-122.
  • Dakoronia, F., 1993. Homeric Towns in East Lokris: Problems of Identification. Hesperia 62: 115-127.
  • Dakoronia, F., 1995. War-Ships on Sherds of LH IIIC Kraters from Kynos? In Tropis 3: 147-148.
  • Dakoronia, F., 1996. Kynos…Fleet. In Tropis 4: 159-171.
  • Dakoronia, F., 1999. Representations of Sea-Battles on Mycenaean Sherds from Kynos. In Tropis 5: 119-128.
  • Dakoronia, F., 2001. Further Finds from Kynos. In Tropis 6: 171.
  • Dakoronia, F., 2002. Further Finds from Kynos. In Tropis 7(1): 283-290.
  • Hadjianastasiou, O., 1996. A Myceanean Pictorial Vase from Naxos. In: Atti e Memorie del Secondo Congresso Internatzionale di
  • Micenologia (Roma-Napoli, 1420 October 1991) III. Eds. E.De Miro, L. Godart and A. Sacconi. Rome: 1433-1441.
  • Meriç, R. and P. A. Mountjoy, 2002. Mycenaean Pottery from Bademgediǧi Tepe (Puranda) in Ionia: A Preliminary Report. Istanbuler Mitteilungen 52: 7998.
  • MIMA: 140-154.
  • Mountjoy, P. A., 2005. Mycenaean Connections with the Near East in LH IIIC: Ships and Sea Peoples. In Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. (Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference/10e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Athens Italian School of Archaeology, 14-18 April 2004). I.) R. Laffineur and E. Greco, eds. Liège and Austin, University of Liège Histoire de l ‘art et archéologie de la Grèce antique and University of Austin Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory: 423-427, pls. XCV-XCVIII.
  • Mountjoy, P. A., 2006. Mycenaean Pictorial Pottery from Anatolia in the Transitional LH IIIB2-LH IIIC Early and the LH IIIC Phases. In Pictorial Pursuits: Figurative Painting on Mycenaean and Geometric Pottery. Papers from Two Seminars at the Swedish Institute at Athens in 1999 and 2001. E. Rystedt and B. Wells, eds. Stockholm, Svenska Institutet i Athen: 107121.
  • Palaiologou, H., 1989. Aegean Ships from the 2nd Millenium B.C. Tropis 1: 217-228.
  • S3IBAL: 123-158.
  • SSAW: 43-60 (Ships in Geometric art).

A MYCENAEAN NAVAL SCENE FROM PYLOS

  • Brécoulaki, H., J. L. Davis and S. R. Stocker, 2015. Mycenaean Wall Painting in Context: New Discoveries, Old Finds Reconsidered. Athens, National Research Foundation/ Institute of Historical Research.
  • Brecoulaki, H., S. R. Stocker, J. L. Davis, et al., 2015. An Unprecedented Naval Scene from Pylos: First Considerations. In Mycenaean Wall Painting in Context: New Discoveries, Old Finds Reconsidered. H. Brécoulaki, J. L. Davis and S. R. Stocker, eds. Athens, National Research Foundation/ Institute of Historical Research: 260-291.
  • Cosmopoulos, M. B., 2015. A Group of New Mycenaean Frescoes from Iklaina, Pylos. In Mycenaean Wall Painting in Context: New Discoveries, Old Finds Reconsidered. H. Brécoulaki, J. L. Davis and S. R. Stocker, eds. Athens, National Research Foundation/ Institute of Historical Research: 249-259.

SEAFARING IN MYCENAEAN LINEAR B TEXTS

  • Chadwick, J., 1973. A Cretan Fleet? In: Studi in onore di Professor Doro Levi. Antichità Cretesi I (Universita di Catania, Instituto di Archeologica). Catania: 199201.
  • Palaima, T.G, 1991. Maritime Matters in the Linear B Tablets. In: Thalassa: 273-310, pl. LXIII.

THE PYLOS ROWER TABLETS AND THE END OF PYLOS

  • Baumbach, L., 1983. An Examination of the Evidence for a State of Emergency at Pylos c. 1200 BC from the Linear B Tablets. In: Res Mycenaeae: 28-40. Killen, J.T., 1983. PY An 1. Minos 18: 71-79.
  • Chadwick, J., 1973. Part III: Additional Commentary. In: M. Ventris and J. Chadwick, 1973. Documents in Mycenaean Greek.2 Cambridge: 430-432. (On the Pylos Rower Tablets)
  • Chadwick, J., 1987. The Muster of the Pylian Fleet. In: Tractata Mycenaea. (Proceedings of the Eighth International Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies, Ohrid, 1520 September 1985 ). Eds. P.H. Ilievski and L. Crepajac. Skopje: 75-84.
  • Palaima, T.G., 1995. The Last Days of the Pylos Polity. In: Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. (Aegaeum 12). Eds. R. Laffineur and W.-D.
  • Niemeier. Liège: 623-633, (& 635-637), pl. LXXIV.
  • Palmer, L.R., 1956. Military Arrangements for the Defense of Pylos. Minos 4: 120-145.
  • S3IBAL: 123-130, 159-161.
  • Shelmerdine, C. W., 1999. Pylian Polemics: The Latest Evidence on Military Matters. In Polemos: Le contexte guerrier en Égée à l ‘age du bronze. (Actes de la 7e Recontre égéene internationale, Université de Liège, 14-17 avril 1998). R. Laffineur, ed. Liège: 403-410.
  • Uchitel, A., 1988. The Archives of Mycenaean Greece and the Ancient Near East. In: Society and Economy in the Eastern Mediterranean (c. 1500-1000 B.C.). (Proceedings of the International Symposium held at the University of Haifa 28 April – 2 May 1985). Eds. M. Heltzer and E. Lipinski. (OLA 23). Leuven: 19-30.

THE AHHIYAWA

  • Beckman, G. M., T. R. Bryce and E. H. Cline, 2011.  The Ahhiyawa Texts. (Writings from the Ancient World 28.) Atlanta, Society of Biblical Literature.
  • Bryce, T.R., 1989. Ahhiyawans and Mycenaeans— An Anatolian Viewpoint. OJA 8: 297-310.
  • Chadwick, J., 1988. The Women of Pylos. In: Texts, Tablets and Scribes: Studies in Mycenaean Epigraphy and Economy. (Supplement to Minos 10). Eds. J.-P. Olivier and T.G. Palaima. Salamanca: 43-95. [On foreign female slaves at Pylos and how they got there]
  • Cline, E., 1991. A Possible Embargo Against the Mycenaeans. Historia 40: 1-9.
  • Cline, E.H., 1991. Hittite Objects in the Bronze Age Aegean. AS 41: 133-143.
  • Garstang, J., and O.R. Gurney, 1959. The Geography of the Hittite Empire. London.
  • Güterbock, H.G., 1983. The Hittites and the Aegean World: Part 1. The Ahhiyawa Problem Reconsidered. AJA 87: 133-138.
  • Güterbock, H.G., 1984. Hittites and Akhaeans: A New Look. PAP 128: 114-122.
  • Hallager, E., 1988. Aspects of Aegean Long-Distance Trade in the Second Millennium B.C. In: Momenti Precoloniali nel Mediterraneo Antico. E. Acquaro, l. Godart, F. Mazza and D. Musti, eds. Rome: 91-101.
  • Hansen, O., 1994. A Mycenaean Sword from Bogazköy-Hattusa Found in 1991. ABSA 89: 213-215.
  • Huxley, G. L., 1960. Achaeans and Hittites. Belfast, The Queen’s University.
  • Mellink, M.J., 1983. The Hittites and the Aegean World: Part 2. Archaeological Comments on Ahhiyawa-Achaians in Western Anatolia. AJA 87: 138-141.
  • Muhly, J.D., 1974. The Hittites and the Aegean World. Expedition 16/2: 2-10.
  • Niemeier, W.-D., 1998. The Mycenaeans in Western Anatolia and the Problem of the Origins of the Sea Peoples. In Transition: 17-65.
  • S3IBAL: 128-130.
  • Singer, I., 1983. Western Anatolia in the Thirteenth Century B.C. Western Anatolia in the Thirteent Century B.C. According to the Hittite Sources. AS 33: 205-217.
  • Vermeule, E.T., 1983. Response to Hans Güterbock. AJA 87: 141-143.

AMARNA: THE MISHI-PEOPLE & MYCENAEAN MERCENARIES?

  • Amarna: EA 101: 4, 33, 105: 27, 108: 38, 110: 48(?), 111: 21(?) and 126: 63. [Note that Moran translates this term as “ships of the army.”]
  • Lambdin, T.O., 1953. The Misi-People of the Byblian Amarna Letters. JCS 7: 75-77.
  • Navy: 64-67.
  • Parkinson, R. and L. Schofield, 1995. Images of Mycenaeans: A Recently Acquired Painted Papyrus from El-Amarna. In Egypt, the Aegean and the Levant: Interconnections in the Second Millennium BC. W. V. Davies and L. Schofield, eds. London, British Museum Press: 125-126, pl. 8.
  • Schofield, L, and R.B., Parkinson, 1994. Of Helmets and Heretics: A Possible Egyptian Representation of Mycenaean Warriors on a Papyrus from El-Amarna. ABSA 89: Frontispiece, 157-70, pl. 21-22.
  • S3IBAL: 130.

9. CLASS DOES NOT MEET: SELF STUDY

10. SEA PEOPLES SEAFARING

10. SEA PEOPLES SEAFARING

Now, the seven ships that are approaching have done evil things to us.
RS 20.238

GENERAL READING

  • Redford, D.B., 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: 241-256.
  • S3IBAL: 163-204, 343-344.

ABOUT THE SEA PEOPLES 

  • Dothan, T., 1982. The Philistines and Their Material Culture. Jerusalem.
  • Dothan, T. and M. Dothan, 1992. People of the Sea: The Search for the Philistines. New York.
  • Karageorghis, V., 2000. Cultural Innovations in Cyprus Relating to the “Sea Peoples.” In Sea Peoples: 249-273.
  • Liverani, M., 1987. The Collapse of Near Eastern Regional System at the End of the Bronze Age: The Case of Syria. In: Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Eds. M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen. Cambridge: 6673.
  • Mazar, A., 1985. The Emergence of the Philistine Material Culture. IEJ 35: 95-107.
  • Oren, E. D., ed. 2000. The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment. (University Museum Monograph 108: University Museum Symposium Series 11). Philadelphia.
  • Sandars, N.K., 1985. The Sea Peoples: Warriors of the Ancient Mediterranean 1250— 1150 BC. London.
  • Stager, L.E., 1991. When Canaanites and Philistines Ruled Ashkelon. In: Ashkelon Discovered. Washington: 2-19.
  • Stager, L.E., 1995. The Impact of the Sea Peoples in Canaan (1185-1050 BCE). In: The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. Ed. T.E. Levy. New York: 333348, 584-585.
  • Redford, D.B., 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: 241-256. Transition.

THE SHIPS OF THE SEA PEOPLES AT MEDINET HABU 

  • Epigraphic Survey, 1930.  Medinet Habu I: Earlier Historical Records of Ramses III. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
  • Nelson, H.H., 1943. The Naval Battle Pictured at Medinet Habu. JNES 2: 40-45.
  • Nelson, H.H., et al., 1930. Medinet Habu I: Earlier Historical Records of Ramses III. (UC,IOP VIII). Chicago: pls. 37, 39.
  • Raban, A., 1989. The Medinet Habu Ships: Another Interpretation. IJNA 18: 163-171.
  • S3IBAL: 163-174, 317-319.

THE SHIPS OF THE SEA PEOPLES, SUPPLEMENTARY

  • Artzy, M., 1997. Nomads of the Sea. In RM: 1-16.
  • Astour, M.C., 1965. New Evidence of the Last Days of Ugarit. AJA 69: 253-258.
  • Basch, L., 1997. Une représentation de navire de type égéen dans l ‘oasis de Dakhleh (Égypt) vers 1200 av. J.-C. In RM: 17-29.
  • Keel, O., 1994. Philistine ‘Anchor’ Seals. IEJ 44: 21-35.
  • Lenz, J. R., 1998. Homer ‘s nhysì koronísin. In S. Wachsmann, Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. College Station and London: 199200.
  • Millard, A., 1995. The Last Tablets of Ugarit. In: Le pays d‘Ougarit autour de 1200 av. J.-C.: Histoire et archéologie (Actes du colloque international, Paris 28 juin – 1 juillet 1993). Eds. M. Yon, M. Sznycer and P. Bordreuil. Paris: 119-124.
  • MIMA: 66-69.
  • S3IBAL: 175-197, 201-204, 343-344.

A NORTHERN EUROPEAN CONNECTION? 

  • Bouzek, J., 1985. The Aegean, Anatolia and Europe: Cultural Interrelations in the Second Millennium B.C. (SIMAXXXIX). Göteborg.
  • Bouzek, J. 1994. Late Bronze Age Greece and the Balkans: A Review of the Present Picture. ABSA 89: 217-234.
  • Kaul, F., 1995. Ships on Bronzes. In The Ship as Symbol in Prehistoric and Medieval Scandanavia. (Papers from an International Research Seminar at the Danish National Museum, Copenhagen, 5th-7th May 1994). Eds. O. Crumlin-Pedersen and B. Munch Thye. Copenhagen: 59-70.
  • Kaul, F., 1998. Ships on Bronzes: A Study in Bronze Age Religion and Iconography: Text and Catalogue.Copenhagen.
  • Romey, K., 2003. The Vogelbarke of Medinet Habu. (M.A. Thesis, Texas A&M University.)
  • S3IBAL: 174-176, 177-183.
  • Wachsmann, S., 1997. Were the Sea Peoples Mycenaeans? The Evidence of Ship Iconography. In RM: 351-354.

CREMATION BURIALS IN THE EAST/AN ISRAELITE SEA PEOPLE? 

  • Bible (Cremation of Saul and his sons): Compare I Samuel 31: 8-13 with I Chronicles 10: 8-12.
  • Dothan, M., 1961. Excavations at Azor, 1960. IEJ 11: 171-175, pls. 33-35.
  • Ingholt, H., 1940. Rapport préliminaire sur sept campagnes de fouilles à Hama en Syrie (1932-1938). Copenhagen: 69-84, pls. XX-XXVI.(Niveau F particularly) Riis, P.J., 1948. Hama: les cimetières a cremation. Copenhagen.
  • Tubb, J.N., 1995. An Aegean Presence in Egypto-Canaan. In: EAL: 136-145, pls. 9, 2530.
  • Yadin, Y., 1991. “And Dan, Why Did He Remain in Ships” (Judges 5: 17). In: Essential Papers on Israel and the Ancient Near East. Ed. F.E. Greenspahn. New York: 294-310.

11. THE GUROB SHIP-CART MODEL AND ITS MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT

11. THE GUROB SHIP-CART MODEL AND ITS MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT

The rabbit-hole went straight on like a tunnel for some way, and then dipped suddenly down, so suddenly that Alice had not a moment to think about stopping herself before she found herself falling down what seemed to be a very deep well.

From Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll

 

GENERAL READING 

  • Wachsmann, S., 2013. The Gurob Ship-Cart Model and Its Mediterranean Context. College Station, Texas A&M University Press.

THE MODEL

  • Wachsmann, Gurob Ship-Cart Model, pp. 1-32 (Ch. 1. The Model), 207-208, 201-202 (Conclusions), (App. 1. Lines Drawings by A. Catsambis), 209-218 (App. 2. Building the Gurob Ship Cart in Virtual Reality by Donald Sandars), 239-242 (App. 5 Radiocarbon Age Analysis of the Gurob Ship-Cart Model), 243-247 (App. 6. Analysis of Pigments from the Ship-Cart Model), 249 (App. 7. Wood Identification).

THE ICONOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE 

  • Wachsmann, Gurob Ship-Cart Model, pp. 33-84 (Ch. 2. The Iconographic Evidence), 219-224 (App. 3. Ship Colors in the Homeric Poems).

WHY WHEELS? 

  • Wachsmann, Gurob Ship-Cart Model, pp. 85-162 (Ch. 3. Wheels, Wagons and the Transport of Ships Overland), 202-204 (Conclusions).

TO WHOM DID THE MODEL BELONG?

  • Wachsmann, Gurob Ship-Cart Model, pp. 163-199 (Foreigners at Gurob), 204-206 (Conclusions).

12. VESSELS IN CULT

12. VESSELS IN CULT

…from reverent lips the chief priest first uttered the most exalted prayers over the ship that had been built with exquisite skill…
From Apuleius’ Metamorphoses, Book XI: 16

GENERAL READING 

  • Canney, M. A., 1936. Boats and Ships in Temples and Tombs. In Occident and Orient: Gaster Anniversary Volume.B. Schindler and A. Marmorstein, eds. London, Taylor ‘s Foreign Press: 50-57.
  • Canney, M. A., 1938. Boats and Ships in Processions. Folklore 49: 132-147.
  • Wachsmann, Gurob Ship-Cart Model, pp. 85-162 (Ch. 3. Wheels, Wagons and the Transport of Ships Overland), 202-204 (Conclusions).

THE AMUNUSERHET 

  • Collier, M., 2013. Ship of the God: The Amun-Userhet in New Kingdom Egypt. (MA Thesis, Texas A&M University.)
  • Landström, B., 1970. Ships of the Pharaohs. Garden City: 119-121.
  • Jones, D., 1995. Egyptian Bookshelf: Boats. Austin: 22-25.
  • Peck, W. H., 1994-1995. Tales of Golden Boats and Beautiful Ladies. KMT 5(4): 70-75.

THE OPET FESTIVAL AND THE MOULID OF ABU HAGGAG 

  • Hornell, J., 1938. Boat Processions in Egypt. Man 38: 145-146, pl. I-J.
  • Wachsmann, S., 2002. Sailing into Egypt ‘s Past: Does a Celebration of Luxor’s Patron Saint Echo Ancient Pharaonic Traditions? Archaeology 55(4): 36-39.
  • Wachsmann, S., 2002. The Moulid of Abu el Haggag: A Contemporary Boat Festival in Egypt. In Tropis 7(2): 821-835.
  • Wickett, E., 1990. For Those Who Sail to Heaven. Documentary Film (48:31 minutes).

BOATS USED FOR DIVINATION 

  • Blackman, A. M., 1925. Oracles in Ancient Egypt. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 11: 249-255, pls. XXXV-XXXVIII.
  • Černý, J., 1930. Une expression designant la réponse négative d ‘un oracle. Bulletin de l ‘institut français d ‘archéologie orientale 30: 491-496.
  • Černý, J., 1962. Egyptian Oracles. In A Saite Oracle Papyrus from Thebes in the Brooklyn Museum (Papyrus Brooklyn 47.218.3). R. A. Parker, ed. Providence, Brown University Press: 35-48.
  • Parke, H. W., 1967. The Oracles of Zeus: Dodona, Olympia, Ammon. Cambridge, Harvard University Press: 194-241.

THE PLOIAPHASIA/NAVIGIUM ISIDIS 

  • Alföldi, A., 1937. A Festival of Isis in Rome Under the Christian Emperors of the Fourth Century. (Dissertationes Pannonicae ii, 7.) Budapest, Institute of Numismatics and Archaeology of the Pázmány University.
  • Brady, T. A., 1938. Review: A Festival of Isis in Rome Under the Christian Emperors of the Fourth Century by Andrew Alföldi. The Journal of Roman Studies 28: 88-90.
  • Grieshammer, R. and S. A. Takacs, 2008. Isis. In Brill ‘s New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. (Electronic Version). Leiden, Brill, 2008. Brill Online. Texas A&M University. 16 July 2008 https://www.brillonline.nl.ezproxy.tamu.edu:2048/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e527850 .
  • Griffiths, J. G., 1975. Apuleius of Madauros: The Isis Book (Metamorphoses,, Book XI). Leiden, E.J. Brill: 46-47, 89, 91.
  • Takacs, S. A., 2008. Ploeaphesia. In Brill ‘s New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. (Electronic Version).Leiden, Brill, 2008. Brill Online. Texas A&M University. 15 July 2008 https://www.brillonline.nl.ezproxy.tamu.edu:2048/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e928380 .

THE SHIP-CART OF DIONYSOS

  • Auffarth, C., 2008. Anthesteria. In Brill ‘s New Pauly: Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. (Electronic Version).Leiden, Brill, 2008. Brill Online. Texas A&M University. 15 July 2008 https://www.brillonline.nl.ezproxy.tamu.edu:2048/subscriber/entry?entry=bnp_e123490 .
  • Boardman, J., 1958. A Greek Vase from Egypt. Journal of Hellenic Studies 78: 4-12, pls. I-II.
  • Harrison, J. E., 1885. Odysseus and the Sirens-Dionysiac Boat Races-A Cylix by Nikosthenes. Journal of Hellenic Studies 6: 19-29.
  • MIMA: 227, 228 fig. 475: 1-3.
  • Parke, H. W., 1977. Festivals of the Athenians. London, Thames & Hudson: frontmatter, 107-124, 196-197, 202 (Select bibliography), pls. 26, 37-38, 43-44, (Anthesterion).

13. SHIP CONSTRUCTION

13. SHIP CONSTRUCTION

Your borders are in the heart of the seas, your builders made perfect your beauty…
Ezekiel 27:4

GENERAL READING

  • S3IBAL: 215-243. 
  • Steffy: 36-37.
  • Ward, C. A., 2000. Sacred and Secular: Ancient Egyptian Ships and Boats. (Archaeological Institute of America Monograph New Series, Number 5.) Philadelphia.

ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF BRONZE AGE SEAGOING SHIPS 

  • Hocker, F., 1998. Appendix: Did Hatshepsut ‘s Punt Ships Have Keels? In S.
  • Wachsmann, Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. College Station and London: 245-246.
  • Pulak, C. M., 1999. The Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun: Aspects of Hull Construction. In The Point Iria Wreck: Interconnections in the Mediterranean ca. 1200 BC. (Proceedings of the International Conference, island of Spetses, 19 September 1998). W. Phelps, Y. Lolos and Y. Vichos, eds. Athens: 209-238.
  • S3IBAL: 215-216, 241-243.
  • Sayed, A.M.A.H., 1980. Observations on Recent Discoveries at Wâdî Gâwâsîs. JEA 66: 154-157, pls. XXI-XXII.
  • Steffy : 36-37.

THE LIST TIMBERS: REMAINS OF MIDDLE KINGDOM WORK BOAT(S)

  • Haldane, C., 1992. The Lisht Timbers: A Report on their Significance. In The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret at Lisht: The South Cemetaries at Lisht. (Publications of the Metroplitan Museum of Art, Egyptian Expedition 25.). D. Arnold, ed. New York: 102-112, pls. 115-133.
  • Ward, C. A., 2000. Sacred and Secular: Ancient Egyptian Ships and Boats. (Archaeological Institute of America Monograph New Series, Number 5.) Philadelphia.

EGYPTIAN NEW KINGDOM DOCKYARD RECORDS 

  • Caminos, R. A., 1954. Late-Egyptian Miscellanies. (Brown Egyptological Studies 1.). London: 159-160; Anastasi IV: 7: 9-8: 7.
  • Glanville, S.R.K., 1931-1932. Records of a Royal Dockyard of the Time of Thutmose III: Papyrus British Museum 10056. ZÄSA 66: 105-121; 68: 7-41.
  • S3IBAL: 223-224.

LATER TEXTUAL EVIDENCE FOR HULL CONSTRUCTION 

  • Casson, L., 1964. Odysseus ‘ Boat. American Journal of Philology 85: 61-64.
  • Casson, L., 1990. Documentary Evidence for Graeco-Roman Shipbuilding (P. Flor. I 69). Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists 27: 15-19.
  • Casson, L., 1992. Odysseus ‘ boat (Od. 5.244-53). IJNA 21: 73-74.
  • Casson, L., 1992. The Nautical Imagery in Anthologia Graeca 10.23. Classical Quarterly n.s. 12: 555-557.
  • Haldane, C., 1990. Egyptian Hulls and the Evidence for Caulking. IJNA 19: 135-136.
  • Haldane, C.W. and C.W. Shelmerdine, 1990. Herodotus 2.96.1-2 Again. Classical Quarterly 40: 535-539.
  • Mark, S.E., 1991. Odyssey 5.234-53 and Homeric Ship Construction: A Reappraisal. AJA 95: 441-445.
  • Mark, S.E., 1996. Odyssey (5.234-53) and Homeric Ship Construction: A Clarification. IJNA 25: 46-48.
  • Porten, B., 1996. The Elephantine Papyri in English: Three Millennia of Cross-Cultural Continuity and Change.Leiden: 115-122 (B11).
  • S3IBAL: 224-227.
  • SSAW: 14 n. 15, 217-219, 444.

AEGEAN BRONZE AGE WOODWORKING 

  • Hocker F., and T.G. Palaima, 1990-1991. Late Bronze Age Aegean Ships and the Pylos Tablets Vn 46 and Vn 879. Minos 25-26: 297-317.
  • Muhly, P., 1996. Furniture from the Shaft Graves: The Occurrence of Wood in Aegean Burials of the Bronze Age. ABSA 91: 197-211.
  • S3IBAL: 243.
  • Wells, H.B., 1974. The Position of the Large Bronze Saws of Minoan Crete in the History of Tool Making. Expedition 16/4: 2-8.

14. NAVIGATION

14. NAVIGATION

They looked at the sky… they looked at the land…
From the Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor

GENERAL READING 

  • S3IBAL: 295-301 (Navigation), 247-254 (Propulsion), 327-332, (particularly 330-331) (Conclusions.) 
  • Davis, D., 2000. Navigation in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean. (M.A. thesis, Texas A&M University.)
  • Davis, D., 2002. Sailing the Open Seas. Archaeology Odyssey 6(1): 20-23, 26-28, 61-62.
  • Davis, D., 2009. Commercial Navigation in the Greek and Roman World. (PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.)

SAILING SEASONS 

  • Casson, L., 1995. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. Baltimore. (Reprint with Addenda and Corrigenda): 270-273.
  • Yardeni, A., 1994. Maritime Trade and Royal Accountancy in an Erased Customs Account from 475 B.C.E. on the Ahiqar Scroll from Elephantine. BASOR 293: 67-78.

THE ART OF NAVIGATION 

  • Goodenough, W.H., and S.D. Thomas, 1987. Traditional Navigation in the Western Pacific. Expedition 29/3: 3-14.
  • McGrail, S. 1996. Navigational Techniques in Homer ‘s Odyssey. Tropis 4: 311-320.
  • Hornell, J., 1946. The Role of Birds in Early Navigation. Antiquity 20: 142-149. Lewis, D., 1975. We, the Navigators. Honolulu: 45-82.
  • Weller, C.H., 1913. Athens and its Monuments. New York: 141-145 figs. 77-79.

INTRODUCTION OF THE BRAILED SAIL CA. 1200 B.C. AND SAILING TO WINDWARD

  • Basch, L., 1978. Le navire mns et autres notes de voyage en Égypte. Mariners Mirror 64: 118-121 (Read pp. 118-21). (Located in E-Reserves under Syro-Canaanite Seafaring (05]).
  • Cariolou, G.A., 1997. KYRENIA II: The Return from Cyprus to Greece of the Replica of a Hellenic Merchant Ship. In RM: 83-97.
  • Georghiou, H.S., 1991. Bronze Age Ships and Rigging. In: Thalassa: 61-71, pls. XXIXXIII.
  • Lambrou-Phillipson, C., 1991. Seafaring in the Bronze Age Mediterranean: The Parameters Involved in Maritime Travel. In: Thalassa: 11-19, pl. I.
  • Negbi, O., 1992. Phoenician Presence in the Mediterranean Islands: A Reappraisal. AJA 96: 599-615.
  • Roberts, O.T.P., 1991. The Development of the Brail into a Viable Sail Control for Aegean Boats of the Bronze Age. In: Thalassa: 55-60, pls. XVII-XX.
  • Roberts, O.T.P, 1995. An Explanation of Ancient Windward Sailing— Some Other Considerations. IJNA 24: 307-315.
  • Sherratt, S., and A. Sherratt, 1993. The Growth of the Mediterranean Economy in the Early First Millennium BC. World Archaeology 24: 361-378.
  • Tilley, A., 1994. Sailing to Windward in the Ancient Mediterranean. IJNA 23: 309-313. Vinson, S., 1993. The Earliest Representations of Brailed Sails. JARCE 30: 133-150.

SEA ROUTES 

  • Davis, D., 2000. Navigation in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean. (M.A. thesis, Texas A&M University.)
  • Davis, D., 2009. Commercial Navigation in the Greek and Roman World. (PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.)
  • Georghiou, H., 1997. Seafaring, Trade Routes, and the Emergence of the Bronze Age: Urban Centers in the Eastern Mediterranean. In: Res Maritimae: Cyprus and the Eastern Mediterranean from Prehistory to Late Antiquity. (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium “Cities on the Sea,” Nicosia, Cyprus, October 18-22, 1994, Nicosia, Cyprus). Eds. S. Swiny, R. Hohlfelder and H. Wylde Swiny. Atlanta: 117-124.
  • Watrous, L.V., 1992. Kommos III: the Late Bronze Age Pottery. Princeton: 177-178.
  • Warren, P., 1995. Minoan Crete and Pharaonic Egypt. In EAL: 1-18. (Read pp. 10-11.)

DEEP WATER ROUTES & WRECKS 

  • Ballard, R. D., 1998. High-Tech Search for Roman Shipwrecks. National Geographic 193(4): 32-41.
  • Ballard, R. D. and R. Archbold, 1990. The Lost Wreck of the Isis. Toronto, Scholastic/Madison Press. (NB: This is a children ‘s book, but with neat images for presentation.)
  • Ballard, R. D., L. Stager, D. Master, et al., 2002. Iron Age Shipwrecks in Deep Water off Ashkelon, Israel. AJA106: 151-168.
  • Barag, D., 1963. A Survey of Pottery Recovered from the Sea Off the Coast of Israel. Israel Exploration Journal13: 13-19, pl. 5.
  • Bascom, W., 1976. Deep Water, Ancient Ships: The Treasure Vault of the Mediterranean. Garden City, Doubleday & Company, Inc.: 1-84 (note particularly chapter V, pp. 71-84.
  • Davis, D., 2002. Sailing the Open Seas. Archaeology Odyssey 6(1): 20-23, 26-28, 61-62.
  • McCann, A. M. and J. Freed, 1994. Deep Water Archaeology: A Late-Roman Ship from Carthage and an Ancient Trade Route near Skerki Bank off Northwest Sicily. (Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplemental Series 13 Ann Arbor
  • Zemer, A., 1978. Storage Jars in Ancient Sea Trade. Haifa, National Maritime Museum Foundation. (Second Printing, Revised.)

15. REPORTS ON SEMINAR PAPERS

15. REPORTS ON SEMINAR PAPERS

And write us about what you have heard to cause our hearts to be elated…
LRL 12 (Year 2 of Renaissance)


ADDITIONAL TOPICS

BRONZE AGE SHIPWRECKS

…copper is lost in a ship…
KTU 4.394

GENERAL READING 

  • Bass, G. F., 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,n.s., 57: 8). Philadelphia.
  • Bass, G.F., 1976. Sheytan Deresi: Preliminary Report IJNA 5: 293-303.
  • Pulak, C.M., 1998.The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview. IJNA 27:188-224.
  • S3IBAL: 205-212, 281-293.

THE CAPE GELIDONYA WRECK 

  • Bass, G. F., 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,n.s., 57: 8). Philadelphia.
  • Bass, G.F., 1988. Return to Cape Gelidonya. INA Newsletter 15/2 (June): 2-5.
  • Bass, G.F., 1990. Cape Gelidonya-Once More. INA Newsletter 16/4: 12-13.
  • Brandl, B., 2001. The Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck Scarabs Reconsidered. In The 
  • Synchronization of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. (Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 — EuroConference, Haindorf 2nd of May — 7th of May 2001). M. Bietak, ed. Wien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: 249261.
  • Pulak, C., and E. Rodgers, 1994. The 1993-1994 Turkish Shipwreck Surveys. INA Quarterly 21/4: 17-21.

THE ULUBURUN WRECK 

  • Bass, G.F., 1986. A Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Kas): 1984 Campaign. AJA 90: 269-296, pl. 17.
  • Bass, G.F., 1987. Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Bronze Age Splendors. National Geographic 172: 693-733.
  • Bass, G.F., C. Pulak, D. Collon and J. Weinstein, 1989. The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign. AJA 93: 1-29.
  • Cline, E., 1994. Sailing the Wine Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. (Tempus Reparatum). Oxford: 100-105.
  • Pulak, C., 1988. The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign. AJA 92: 1-37.
  • Pulak, C., 1997. The Uluburun Shipwreck. In RM: 233-262.
  • Pulak, C., 1998.The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview. IJNA 27:188-224.
  • Pulak, C., 2000. The Copper and Tin Ingots from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun. In Metallurgica Antiqua: In Honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. (Der Anschnitt. Beiheft 8). T. Rehren, A. Hauptmann and J. D. Muhly, eds. Bochum: 137-157.
  • Pulak, C., 2000. The Balance Weights from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun. In Metals Make the World Go Round: The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Birmingham in June 1997. C. F. E. Pare, ed. Oxford, Oxbow: 247-266.
  • Pulak, C., 2001. Cedar for Ships. Archaeology and History in Lebanon 14: 24-36.
  • Pulak, C., 2001. The Cargo of the Uluburun Ship and Evidence for Trade with the Aegean and Beyond. In Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity 1500-450 BC. L. Bonfante and V. Karageorghis, eds. Nicosia13-60.
  • Pulak, C., 2001. The Cargo of the Uluburun Ship and Evidence for Trade with the Aegean and Beyond. In Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity: 1500-450 BC, Proceedings of an International Symposium held at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University, November 1618, 2000. L. Bonfante, and V. Karageorghis, eds. Nicosia, Severis Foundation: 13-60.
  • Pulak, C., 2005. Who Were the Mycenaeans Aboard the Uluburun Ship? In Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. (Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference/10e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Athens Italian School of Archaeology, 14-18 April 2004). I.) R. Laffineur and E. Greco, eds. Liège and Austin, University of Liège Histoire de l ‘art et archéologie de la Grèce antique and University of Austin Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory: 295-310, pls. LXXLXXI. 
  • Pulak, C., 2005. Who Were the Mycenaeans Aboard the Uluburun Ship? In Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. (Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference/10e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Athens Italian School of Archaeology, 14-18 April 2004). I.) R. Laffineur and E. Greco, eds. Liège and Austin, University of Liège Histoire de l ‘art et archéologie de la Grèce antique and University of Austin Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory: 295-310, pls. LXXLXXI.
  • Pulak, C., 2008. The Uluburun Shipwreck and Late Bronze Age Trade. In Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C. J. Aruz, K. Benzel and J. M. Evans, eds. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art: 288-305, artifact catalogue: 306-310, 313-321, 324-333, 336-348, 350-358, 366-370, 372-378, 382-385.
  • S3IBAL: 206-208 (see notes for additional bibliography).

ON THE ROLES OF SYRO-CANAANITES AND MYCENAEANS AS SEA TRADERS

  • Bass, G. F., 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s. 57:8). Philadelphia: 72-78, 163-167.
  • Bass, G. F., 1973. Cape Gelidonya and the Bronze Age Maritime Trade. AOAT 22: 29-38.
  • Bass, G.F., 1997. Prolegomena to a Study of Maritime Traffic in Raw Materials to the Aegean During the Fourteenth and Thirteenth Centuries B.C. In: TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age (Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference 18-21-April 1996). Eds. R. Laffineur and P. Betancourt. Liege: 153-170.
  • Bass, G. F., 1997. Beneath the Wine Dark Sea: Nautical Archaeology and Phoenicians of the Odyssey. In Greeks and Barbarians: Essays on the Interactions Between Greeks and Non-Greeks in Antiquity and the Consequences for Eurocentrism. J. E. Coleman and C. A. Walz, eds. Bethseda: 71-101.
  • Cline, E., 1994. Sailing the Wine Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. (Tempus Reparatum). Oxford: 91-93.
  • Cline, E., 1995. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Sailor: Minoans and Mycenaeans Abroad. In: Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Eds. R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier. Aegaeum 12: 265-283 (& 284-287 discussion).
  • Kemp, B.J., and R.S. Merrillees, 1980. Minoan Pottery in Second Millennium Egypt. Mainz am Rhein: 268-286.
  • Knapp, A.B., 1993. Thalassocracies in Bronze Age Trade: Making and Breaking a Myth. WA 24: 332-347.
  • Muhly, J.D., 1970. Homer and the Phoenicians. Berytus 19: 19-64.
  • Muhly, J. D., 1991. Egypt, the Aegean and Late Bronze Age Chronology in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Review Article. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 4: 235-247, 256-262.
  • Negbi, O., 1976. Canaanite Gods in Metal: An Archaeological Study of Ancient SyroPalestinian Figurines. Tel Aviv: 37-41, 168-169, pls. 28, 30, 51.
  • S3IBAL: 39-40, 154-155.
  • Wachsmann, S., 1987. Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. (OLA 20). Leuven: 105-115.

OTHER BRONZE AGE WRECK SITES 
Dokos 

  • Papathanasopolous, G., Y. Vichos, E. Hadzidaki, and Y. Lolos, 1992. Dokos: 1990 Campaign. Enalia Annual2(1990): 6-23.
  • Papathanasopolous, G., Y. Vichos and Y. Lolos, 1995. Dokos: 1991 Campaign. Enalia Annual 3(1991): 17-37.

Sheytan Deresi 

  • Bass, G.F., 1976. Sheytan Deresi: Preliminary Report IJNA 5: 293-303.
  • Catsambis, A., 2008. The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Sheytan Deresi. (MA Thesis, Texas A&M University.)
  • Margariti, R. E., 1998. The Seytan Deresi Wreck and the Minoan Connection in the Eastern Aegean. (M.A., Texas A&M University.)

Cape Iria 

  • Lolos, Y., 1995. The 1991 Underwater Survey of the Late Bronze Age Wreck at Point Iria: Part II: The Pottery. Enalia Annual 3(1991): 9-16.
  • Lolos, Y.G., 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1992): II. The Pottery. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 5-6.
  • Lolos, Y.G., 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1993): III. The Pottery. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 2131.
  • Pennas, C. and Y. Vichos, 1995. The 1991 Underwater Survey of the Late Bronze Age Wreck at Point Iria: Part I: The Underwater Survey. Enalia Annual 3(1991): 4-9.
  • Pennas, H., 1992. Point Iria Wreck. Enalia Annual 2(1990): 39-41.
  • Pennas, H., and Y. Vichos, 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1992): I. Exploratory Survey. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 4.
  • Pennas, H., and Y. Vichos, 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1993): I. Excavation and Results. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 6-17.
  • Phelps, W., Y. Lolos and Y. Vichos, eds. 1999. The Point Iria Wreck: Interconnections in the Mediterranean ca. 1200 BC. (Proceedings of the International Conference, Island of Spetses, 19 September 1998). Athens.
  • Vichos, Y., 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1993): I. The Stone Anchors. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 17-20.
  • Vichos, Y., and Y. Lolos, 1997. The Cypro-Mycenaean Wreck at Point Iria in the Argolic Gulf: First Thoughts on the Origin and the Nature of the Vessel. In RM: 321-337.

Israel 

  • Galili, E., N. Shmueli and M. Artzy, 1986. Bronze Age Cargo of Copper and Tin. IJNA 15: 25-37.
  • Misch-Brandl, O., E. Galili, and S. Wachsmann, 1985. Finds from the Late Canaanite (Bronze) Period. In: From the Depths of the Sea. (Israel Museum Catalogue 63, summer 1985): 7-11, pls. 1-7.
  • Wachsmann, S., and K. Raveh, 1984. Concerning a Lead Ingot Fragment from haHotrim, Israel. IJNA 13: 169-176, 340.
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