1. AN INTRODUCTION

Sailing in the sea, beginning the goodly way…
BAR II § 253

ON WRITING

• The Chicago Manual of Style. Fourteenth Edition, Revised and Expanded. Chicago. 1993.
• Flesch, R.F., 1949. The Art of Readable Writing. New York.
• Hacker, D., 1988. Rules for Writers: A Concise Handbook. New York. (Pp. 444-454, Logic in Argumentative Essays.)
• Hodder, I., 1989. Writing Archaeology: Site Reports in Context. Antiquity 63: 268-274.
• Provost, G., 1990. Make Your Words Work. Cincinnati.
• Strunk, W., Jr. and E.B. White, 1979. The Elements of Style. Third Edition. London.
• Tichy, H.J., 1966. Effective Writing for Engineers, Managers and Scientists. New York.

Class Assignment I: An Experiment in Iconography 

Iconography requires a discerning eye. How can we reconstruct a ship, in basic terms, based on bodies intertwined with a ship’s hull and superstructure? This assignment raises awareness to these issues.

Class Assignment II: Seafaring in Wenamun

The eleventh-century B.C. Tale of Wenamun is packed with references pertinent to contemporary seafaring. Read the tale and mark all references pertaining to seafaring in the Tale of Wenamun.

From…

• Pritchard, J.B. 1969. Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. (Third edition with Supplement). Princeton.: 25–29 (Tale of Wenamun).

Also…

• Casson, L. 1991. The Ancient Mariners. Second Edition. Princeton: 46–54.
• Egberts, A. 1991. The Chronology of The Report of Wenamun. JEA 77: 57–67.
• Goedicke, H. 1975. The Report of Wenamun. Baltimore.
• Potts, R. 2015. The Misadventures of Wenamun: History’s Original Literary Traveler. Lawrence, KS: Sensitive House.

2. REFLECTIONS ON THE EVIDENCE I

On the Interpretation of Watercraft in Ancient Art I–II

GENERAL READING

• Wachsmann, S. 2019. On the Interpretation of Watercraft in Ancient Art. Arts 8(165): 1–67. (doi:10.3390/arts8040165). (https://www.mdpi.com/2076–0752/8/4/165).

Topic 1: On the Interpretation of Watercraft in Ancient Art I

• Why Iconography? pp. 1–11
• Tzalas, H. 1990. “Kyrenia” II in the Fresco of Pedoula Church, Cyprus: A Comparison with Ancient Ship Iconography. Tropis 2: 323–327.
• Shaving with Occam’s Razor, pp. 11–12
• From Detail to Abstract, pp. 12–13
• Question the Source, pp. 13–23
• Modern Changes, p. 23
• On Ship Typologies, pp. 23–24

Topic 2: On the Interpretation of Watercraft in Ancient Art II 

• Which Way Forward? pp. 24–26
• Cultural Continua, pp. 26–36
• Corpus Delecti, pp. 36–42
• Size Does Matter, pp. 42–47
• To Be or Not to Be, pp. 47–57
• Wachsmann, S. 2021. The Curious Case of Noah’s…Box? Biblical Archaeology Review 47(2): 56–59.
• Conclusions, pp. 56–57

3. Reflections on the Evidence II

GENERAL READING

•  Schäfer, H. 1974. Principals of Egyptian Art. Trans. J. Baines. Oxford.

TOPIC 1: Egyptian Art 1 

•  Schäfer 1974: 1–79

TOPIC 2: Egyptian Art 2 

• •  Schäfer 1974: 80–159.

4. On the Trail of the Earliest Mediterranean Seafarers

GENERAL READING

• Bascom, W. 1976. Deep Water, Ancient Ships: The Treasure Vault of the Mediterranean. Garden City, Doubleday & Company, Inc.: 32–38.
• S3IBAL: 41, 69.
• Redford, D.B. 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: 3–28.
• Tzallas, H. 1995. On the Obsidian Trail: With a Papyrus Craft in the Cyclades. Tropis 3: 441– 469. (Note select bibliography on Franchthi Cave, pp. 459–462).

TOPIC 1: The Mediterranean 

The Mediterranean

• Cherry, J.F. 1981. Pattern and Process in the Earliest Colonization of the Mediterranean Islands. PPS 47: 41–68.
• Cherry, J.F. 1990. The First Colonization of the Mediterranean Islands: A Review of Recent Research. JMA 3: 145–221.
• Sampson, A. 2019. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Sailors in the Aegean and the Near East. Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing (https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/tamucs/detail.action?docID=5848607)
• Simmons, A. H. 2014. Stone Age Sailors: Paleolithic Seafaring in the Mediterranean. Walnut Creek, CA, Left Coast Press, Inc.

Cyprus

• Karageorghis, V. 1982. Cyprus: From the Stone Age to the Romans. London: 16–39.
• Simmons, A.H. 1988. Test Excavations at Akrotiri–Aetokremnos (Site E), An Early Prehistoric Occupation in Cyprus: Preliminary Report. RDAC (Part I): 15–24.
• Simmons, A.H. 1991. Humans, Island Colonization and Pleistocene Extinctions in the Mediterranean: The View from Akrotiri Aetokremnos, Cyprus. Antiquity 65: 857– 869.
• Simmons, A. H. 2007. The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the Human Landscape. Tucson: 229–263, 281–328 (Chapter 9: And on the Islands: The Colonization of Cyprus).
• Simmons, A.H. and D.S. Reese. 1993. Hippo Hunters of Akrotiri. Archaeology 40–43.

The Aegean

• Broodbank, C. 2000. The Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 92–143.
• Broodbank, C. and T.F. Strasser. 1991. Migrant Farmers and the Neolithic Colonization of Crete. Antiquity 65: 233–245.
• Carter, T. Daniel A. Contreras, J. Holcomb, et al. 2019. Earliest Occupation of the Central Aegean (Naxos), Greece: Implications for Hominin and Homo Sapiens’ Behavior and Dispersals. Science Advances 5(16 October 2019): (9 pages). Available online: https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/10/eaax0997 (accessed on 27 October 2019).
• Davis, J.L. 1992. Review of Aegean Prehistory I: The Islands of the Aegean. AJA 96: 699–756. [Parts dealing with the period prior to the Bronze Age]
• Ferentinos, G. M. Gkioni and M. Geraga. 2008. Sea–Level Changes from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Early Neolithic and Their Implications on the Colonization of the Ionian Islands, Western Greece. In Abstract Book: Landscape Evolution & Geoarchaeology. (13th Belgium–France–Italy–Romania Geomorphological Meeting, June 18–21, 2008). 47–48.
• Ferentinos, G. M. Gkioni, M. Geraga, et al. 2009. Sea–Level Changes from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Early Neolithic Period and Their Implications on the Colonization of the Ionian Island in Western Greece. In Abstracts: 15th Annual  Meeting of the European Association of Archaeologists. (15–20 September 2009, Riv del Garda | Trento, Italy). 103–104.
• Ferentinos, G. M. Gkioni and M. Geraga, n.d. Sea Level Changes from the Middle Palaeolithic to the Early Neolithic Period and Their Implications on the Colonization of the Ionian Islands in Western Greece. In Stable Places and Changing Perceptions: Cave Archaeology in the Aegean and Adjacent Areas. J. Jensen and F. Mavridis, eds.: 1–32.
• Marangou, C. 2001. Neolithic Watercraft: Evidence from Nothern Greek Wetlands. In Enduring Records: The Environmental and Cultural Heitage of Wetlands. B. A. Purdy, ed. Oxford, Oxbow Books: 192–205.
• Tichy, R. 2001. Expedice Monoxylon: Procházime z mladsí doby Kamenné. Hradec Králové, Spolecnost experimentáini archeologic Hradec Králové a JB Production. (Monoxylon Expeditions: Our Journey from the Neolithic.). (English Summary: 185–222.
• Tzallas, H. 1995. On the Obsidian Trail: With a Papyrus Craft in the Cyclades. Tropis 3: 441– 469. (Note select bibliography on Franchthi Cave, pp. 459–462).
• Tzamtzis, A.I. 1990. “Papyrella”: Remote Descendant of a Middle Stone Age Craft? Tropis 2: 329–332.
• van Andel, T.H. and C.N. Runnels 1988. An Essay on the ‘Emergence of Civilization’ in the Aegean World. Antiquity 62: 234–247.

Paleolithic Settlers in Crete?

• Borrell, B. 2010. Bon Voyage, Caveman. Archaeology 63(3): 9, 54.
• Marshall, M. 2012. Neanderthals Were Ancient Mariners. NewScientist 213(2854): 10.
• Strasser, T. F. E. Panagopoulou, C. N. Runnels, et al. 2010. Stone Age Seafaring in the Mediterranean: Evidence from the Plakias Region for Lower Paleolithic and Mesolithic Habitation of Crete. Hesperia 79: 145–190.

TOPIC 2: The Flooding of the Black Sea & An Arabo–Persian Gulf Oasis? 

The Flooding of the Black Sea

• Aksu, A. E. and R. N. Hiscott, 2022. Persistent Holocene Outflow from the Black Sea to the Eastern Mediterranean Sea Still Contradicts the Noah’s Flood Hypothesis: A Review of 1997–2021 Evidence and a Regional Paleoceanographic Synthesis for the Latest Pleistocene–Holocene. Earth-Science Reviews 227: 1–56.
• Ballard, R. D. 2001. Deep Black Sea. National Geographic Magazine 199.5: 52–69.
• Ballard, R. D. and M. McConnell, 2001. Adventures in Ocean Exploration: From the Discovery of the Titanic to the Search for Noah’s Flood. Washington: 30–43.
• Bascom, W. 1976. Deep Water, Ancient Ships: The Treasure Vault of the Mediterranean. Garden City, Doubleday & Company, Inc.: 32–38.
• Giosan, L., F. Filip and S. Constatinescu, 2009. Was the Black Sea Catastrophically Flooded in the Early Holocene? Quaternary Science Reviews 28: 1–6.
• Goldberg, S. L., H. C. P. Laua, J. X.Mitrovica, et al., 2016. The Timing of the Black Sea Flood Event: Insights from Modeling of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 452: 178–184.
• Mertens, K. N., L. R. Bradley, Y. Takano, et al., 2012. Quantitative Estimation of Holocene Surface Salinity Variation in the Black Sea Using Dinoflagellate Cyst Process Length. Quaternary Science Reviews 39: 45–59.
• Ryan, W. B. F. and W. C. Pitman, III, 1998. Noah’s Flood: The New Scientific Discoveries about the Event that Changed History. New York.
• Yanchilina, A. G., W. B. F. Ryan, J. F. McManus, et al., 2017. Compilation of Geophysical, Geochronological, and Geochemical Evidence Indicates a Rapid Mediterranean Derived Submergence of the Black Sea’s Shelf and Subsequent Substantial Salinification in the Early Holocene. Marine Geology 38.3: 14–34.

Pleistocene Seafaring & An Arabo–Persian Gulf Oasis?

• Bednarik, R. G. 1997. The Earliest Evidence of Ocean Navigation. IJNA 26(3): 183–191.
• Bednarik, R.G. 1998. Mariners of the Pleistocene. INA Quarterly 25/3: 7–15.
• Rose, J. I. 2010. New Light on Human Prehistory in the Arabo–Persian Gulf Oasis. Current Anthropology 51: 849–883.

5. Egyptian Seafaring

GENERAL READING

• S3IBAL: 9–38, 256–262.

TOPIC 1: Egyptian Watercraft 

Egyptian Seagoing Ships,

• Landström, B. 1970. Ships of the Pharaohs. Garden City: 122–127.
• Säve–Söderbergh, T. 1946. The Navy of the Eighteenth Egyptian Dynasty. Uppsala: 8–30. S3IBAL: 9–29.

Nilotic Vessels

• Doyle, N. 1998. Iconography and the Interpretation of Ancient Egyptian Watercraft. (MA, Texas A&M University.)
• Creasman, P. P. and N. Doyle. 2010. Overland Boat Transportation During the Pharaonic Period: Archaeology and Iconography. JAEI 2(3): 14–30.
• Vinson, S. 1994. Egyptian Boats and Ships. Shire Egyptology Series No. 20. Buckinghamshire, Shire Publications Ltd.

TOPIC 2: Egyptian Red Sea Ports (Mersa Gawasis, Ayn Soukhna, Wadi el–Jarf & Tell Ras Budran) 

• Abd el–Raziq, M. G. Castel and P. Tallet. 2004. Dans le golfe de Suez, les mines de cuivre d‘Ayn Soukhna. Archéologia 414: 10-21.
• Abd el–Raziq, M. G. Castel and P. Tallet. 2006. Ayn Soukhna et la mer Rouge. Égypte, Afrique et Orient 41: 3-6.
• Abd el–Raziq, M. G. Castel and P. Tallet. 2007. L ‘exploration archéologique du site d‘Ayn Soukhna (2001–2004). In Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists/Actes du Neuvième Congrès International des Égyptologues, Grenoble, 6–12 septembre 2004, I. J.–C. Goyon, ed. Leuven, Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies: 61-68.
• Abd el–Raziq, M. G. Castel and P. Tallet. 2010. Ayn Soukhna. June 21, 2010, (http://www.ifao.egnet.net/archeologie/ayn–soukhna/).
• Bard, K. A. and R. Fattovich, 2007. Harbor of the Pharaohs to the Land of Punt. Arcaheolgical Investigations at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt 2001–2005. Naples, Università degli Studi di Napoli l‘Orientale.
• Bard, K. A. and R. Fattovich, 2010. Spatial Use of the Twelfth Dynasty harbor at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis for the Seafaring Expeditions to Punt. JAEI 2(3): 1–13.
• Bard, K. A. and R. Fattovich, 2018. Seafaring Expeditions to Punt in the Middle Kingdom. Leiden and Boston, Brill.
• Delgado, J. P. 2008. Nautical Archaeology, 2006–2007 Seasons. J. Delgado, ed. AJA 112: 307– 335 (Mersa Gawasis = pp. 307–310)
• Fattovich, R. 2005. Marsā Gawāsīs: A Pharaonic Coastal Settlement by the Red Sea in Egypt. In People of the Red Sea, Proceedings of Red Sea Project II held in the British Museum, October 2004. BAR S1395, Series for Arabian Studies 3. J. C. M. Starkey, ed. Oxford, Archaeopress: 15–22.
• Fattovich, R. and K. A. Bard. 2006. Joint Archaeological Expedition at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis (Red Sea, Egypt) of the University of Naples “L‘Orientale” (Naples, Italy), Instituto Italiano per l‘Africa e l‘Oriente (Rome, Italy), and Boston University (Boston, U.S.A.) – 2005–2006 Field Season.
• Lawler, A. 2010. Keeping Watch as the Old Kingdom Crumbled. Science 330: 1473.
• Mumford, G. 2006. Tell Ras Budran (Site 345): Defining Egypt’s Eastern Frontier and Mining Operations in South Sinai during the Late Old Kingdom (Early EB IV/MB I). BASOR 342: 13–67.
• Sayed, A. M. A. H. 1980. Observations on Recent Discoveries at Wâdî Gâwâsîs. JEA 66: 154– 157, pls XXI–XXII.
• Tallet, P. 2013. The Wadi el–Jarf Site: A Harbor of Khufu on the Red Sea. JAEI 5.1: 76–84.
• Tallet, P. and G. Marouard. 2012. An Early Pharaonic Harbour on the Red Sea Coast. Egyptian Archaeology 40: 40–43.
• Veldmeijer, A. J. and C. Zazzaro. 2008. The ‘Rope Cave’ at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis [Poster]. In Abstracts of Papers. Tenth International Congress of Egyptologists (Rhodes, Greece, 22–29 May 2008). P. Kousoulis, ed. Rhodes: International Association of Egyptologists & University of the Aegean: 260 and handout.
• Ward, C. and C. Zazzaro. 2010. Evidence for Pharaonic Seagoing Ships at Mersa/Wadi Gawasis, Egypt. IJNA 39: 27–43.
• Ward, C. 2010. From River to Sea: Evidence for Egyptian Seafaring Ships. JAEI 2(3): 42–49.

6. SYRO-CANAANITE & CYPRIOT (ALASHIAN) SEAFARING

GENERAL READING 

• Davies, N. de G. and R.O. Faulkner. 1947. A Syrian Trading Venture to Egypt. JEA 33: 40–46, pl. 8.
• Heltzer, M. 1988. Sinaranu, Son of Siginu, and the Trade Relations Between Ugarit and Crete. Minos 23: 7–13.
• Hoftijzer, J. and W. H. van Soldt, 1998. Texts from Ugarit Pertaining to Seafaring. In S3IBAL: 333–344.
• S3IBAL: 39–60, 215–227, 239–241, 262–274.

TOPIC 1: Syro–Canaanite & Cypriot Ships 

• Basch, L. 1978. Le navire mns et autres notes de voyage en Égypte. Mariners Mirror 64: 118– 121 (Read pp. 99–111).
• Davies, N. de G. and R.O. Faulkner, 1947. A Syrian Trading Venture to Egypt. JEA 33: 40–46, pl. 8.
• Mark, S. 2017. The Depiction in the Tomb of Nebamun: The Earliest Egyptian Ship without a Hogging Truss. JAEI 16(December): 68–86. (See my comments on Mark’s conclusions regarding the Egyptian identity of the Nebamun ship in Wachsmann 2019. On the Interpretation of Watercraft in Ancient Art. Arts 8[165]: 9 n. 6.)
• MIMA: 62–66.
• Navy: 49–70.
• Porada, E. 1984. The Cylinder Seal from Tell el–Dabca. AJA 88: 485–488, pl. 65, figs. 1–3.
• S3IBAL: 39–60 (Syro–Canaanite), 61–67 (Cypriot).
• Wachsmann, S., A. A. Burke, R. K. Dunn, et al., 2022. ‘He Went Down to Joppa and Found a Ship Going to Tarshish’ (Jonah 1:3): Landscape Reconstruction at Jaffa and a Potential Early Harbour. IJNA 51.2: 267–303. (DOI: 10.1080/10572414.2022.2148819).
• Wachsmann, S., 2025. Late Bronze Age Metal Artifacts off Hahotrim, Israel. Ed Rachal Foundation Nautical Archaeology Series. College Station, Texas A&M University Press.
• Westerberg, K. 1983. Cypriote Ships from the Bronze Age to c. 500 B.C. Gothenberg. (Use with caution as some of the depictions are foreign, mainly Mycenaean/ Sea Peoples ships found in Cyprus. Compare with S3IBAL: 123–176).
• S3IBAL: 39–60, 215–227, 239–241, 262–274.

Seafaring in Ugaritic Texts

• Astour, M.C. 1973. Ugarit and the Aegean. AOAT 22: 7–27.
• Atwood, R. 2021. The Ugarit Archives. Archaeology (July/August 2021): 24–31.
• Gaster, T. H. 1938. A Phoenician Naval Gazette. Palestinian Exploration Quarterly: 105–112.
• Heltzer, M. 1977. The Metal Trade of Ugarit and the Problem of Transportation of Commercial Goods. Iraq 39: 1977: 303–211.
• Heltzer, M. 1982. The Internal Organization of the Kingdom of Ugarit. Wiesbaden: 188–191 (Excursus 1: Shipbuilding in Ugarit and its Organization)
• Heltzer, M. 1988. Sinaranu, Son of Siginu, and the Trade Relations Between Ugarit and Crete. Minos 23: 7–13.
• Hoftijzer, J. and W. H. van Soldt, 1998. Texts from Ugarit Pertaining to Seafaring. In S3IBAL: 333–344.
• Lambrou–Philipson, C. 1993. Ugarit: A Late Bronze Age Thalassocracy? The Evidence of the Textual Sources. Orientalia 62:163–170.
• Linder, E. 1993. Ugarit: A Canaanite Thalassocracy. In: Ugarit in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Ugarit and Ugaritic. G.D. Young, ed. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns: 31–42.
• Monroe, C. 2020. Informed or at Sea: On the Maritime and Mundane in Ugaritic Tablet RS 94.2406. In Nomads of the Mediterranean: Trade and Contact in the Bronze and Iron Ages: Studies in Honor of Michal Artzy. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 112. A. Gilboa and A. Yasur–Landau, eds. Leiden & Boston: Brill: 205–220

TOPIC 2: Syro–Canaanite Religion and the Sea

• Brody, A.J. 1998. “Each Man Cried Out to his God:” The Specialized Religion of Canaanite and Phoenician Seafarers. Harvard Semitic Monographs 85. L.E. Stager, ed. Atlanta: Scholars Press.
• Rich, S. A. 2012. ‘She Who Treads On Water:’ Religious Metaphor in Seafaring Phoenicia. Ancient West and East 11: 19–34.

7. Cycladic/Minoan Ships & Seafaring

GENERAL READING

• Doumas, C.G. 1992. The Wall Paintings of Thera. (Trans. A. Doumas). Athens.
• S3IBAL: 69–121, 243, 351–352 n. 1, 275–281.
• Wachsmann, S. 2000. Some Notes on Mediterranean Seafaring During the Second Millennium B.C. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium, The Wall Paintings of Thera. (Petros M. Nomikos Conference Centre, Thera, Hellas, 30 August – 4 September 1997). Vol. II. S. Sherratt, ed. Athens: 803–824.

TOPIC 1: The Theran Naval Frescoes and Minoan Ship Representations* 

• Casson, L. 1975. Bronze Age Ships. The Evidence of the Thera Wall Paintings. IJNA 4: 3–10.
• Doumas, C. 1992. The Wall–Paintings of Thera. Trans. A. Doumas. Athens: 44–97.
• Marinatos, N. 1984. Art and Religion in Thera: Reconstructing a Bronze Age Society. Athens: 34–61.
• Marinatos, S. 1974. Excavations at Thera VI (1972 Season), Text and plates. Athens: (Text 19– 60, pls. 30–111) & (Color Plates).
• MIMA: 93–132.
• Morgan, L. 1988. The Miniature Wall Paintings of Thera: A Study in Aegean Culture and Iconography. Cambridge: 116–165, 201–211, pls. 1, 3, 8–13, 16, 25, 34, 42, 63, 67, 69, 75, 82, 93–94, 97–98, 117, 119–120, 123, 125–127, 129, 132–140, 145, 148–150, 159, 162–166, 169, 173–179, 181–182, 185–196, 198–199.
• Raban, A. 1984. The Thera Ships: Another Interpretation. AJA 88: 11–19.
• Reynolds, C. G. 1996. The Maritime Character of Minoan Civilization. The American Neptune 56: 315–351.
• S3IBAL: 83–121.
• Shaw, M.C. 1982. Ship Cabins of the Bronze Age Aegean. IJNA 11: 53–58.
• Strasser, T. F. 2010. Location and Perspective of the Theran Flotilla Fresco. JMA 23: 3–26.
• Warren, P. 1979. The Miniature Fresco from the West House at Akrotiri, Thera, and its Aegean Setting. JHS 99: 115–129, color pls. A–B.
• Wachsmann, S. 1980. The Thera Waterborne Procession Reconsidered. IJNA 9: 287–295.
• Wachsmann, S. 2000. Some Notes on Mediterranean Seafaring During the Second Millennium B.C. In Proceedings of the First International Symposium, The Wall Paintings of Thera. (Petros M. Nomikos Conference Centre, Thera, Hellas, 30 August – 4 September 1997). Vol. II. S. Sherratt, ed. Athens: 803–824.
• Wachsmann, S. 2007. Minoan Seafaring. In Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History. Vol. II. J. B. Hattendorf, ed. New York, Oxford University Press: 575–577.
• Wachsmann, S. 2022. Ahhotep’s Metal Ship Models. In The Treasure of Egyptian Queen Ahhotep and International Relations at the Turn of the Middle Bronze Age (1600– 1500 BCE). G. Miniaci and P. Lacovara, eds. Croydon, Golden House Publications: 279–293.

On Human Sacrifice in the Minoan/Mycenaean Cultures

• Buck, R.J. 1989. Mycenaean Human Sacrifice. Minos 24: 131–137.
• S3IBAL: 113–122.
• Sakellarakis, Y. and E. Sapouna–Sakellaraki, 1981. Drama of Death in a Minoan Temple. National Geographic Magazine 159: 205–222.
• Sakellarakis, J.A. and D. Sapouna–Sakellaraki, 1991. Archanes. Athens: 136–156.
• Warren, P. 1984. Knossos: New Excavations and Discoveries. Archaeology 37/4: 48–56.

TOPIC 2: Minoans in the East 

• Bietak, M. N. Marinatos, C. Palivou, et al. 2007. Taureador Scenes in Tell El–Dabʻa (Avaris) and Knossos. (Denkschriften der Gesamtakademie Bd. 43.) Wien. [Evans call # AS142 .A518 Bd.43.]
• Evans, A. 1936. Some Notes on the Tal Atchana Pottery. JHS 56: 133–134, pls. VI–VII.
• Jones, B. and V. Bealle, 2023. The Kilts on the ‘Cupbearer’ and Men on the Procession Fresco from Knossos. In Processions: Studies of Bronze Age Ritual and Ceremony presented to Robert B. Koehl. J. Weingarten, C. F. Macdonald, J. Aruz, L. Fabian and N. Kumar, eds. Oxford, Archaeopress: 29–40.
• Kantor, H.J. 1947. The Aegean and the Orient in the Second Millennium B.C. AJA 51: 1–103, pls. I–XXVI.
• Kuniholm, P.I. 1990. Overview and Assessment of the Evidence for the Date of the Eruption of Thera. In Thera 3(3): 13–18.
• Manning, S.W. 1988. The Bronze Age Eruption of Thera: Absolute Dating, Aegean Chronology and Mediterranean Cultural Interrelations. JMA 1: 17–82.
• Manning, S.W. 1989. The Santorini Eruption: An Update. JMA 2: 303–313.
• Manning, S. W. 1999. A Test of Time: the Volcano of Thera and the Chronology and History of the Aegean and East Mediterranean in the Mid Second Millennium BC. Oxford, Oxbow Books.
• Matić, U. and F. Franković. 2017. Out of Date, Out of Fashion: The Changing of Dress of Aegean Figures in the Theban Tombs of the Egyptian 18th Dynasty in the Light of Aegean Bronze Age Costume. Studi micenei ed egeo–anatolici, NS 3: 105–130.
• Merrillees, R.S. 1972. Aegean Bronze Age Relations with Egypt. AJA 76: 281–294.
• Muhly, J.D. 1991. Egypt, the Aegean and Late Bronze Age Chronology in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Review Article. JMA 4: 235–247, 256–262.
• Niemeier, W.-D. 1991. Minoan Artisans Traveling Overseas: The Alalakh Frescoes and the Painted Plaster Floor at Tel Kabri (Western Galilee. In Thalassa: 189–201, pls. XLVI–LI.
• Peet, E. T. 1972. The Egyptian Writing–Board B.M. 5647, Bearing Keftiu Names. In Essays in Aegean Archaeology Presented to Sir Arthur Evans in Honour of his 75th Birthday. Essay Index Reprint Series. S. Casson, ed. Freeport, Books for Libraries Press: 90–99, pls. XV–XVI.
• Polinger Foster, K. 2018. Mari and the Minoans. Groniek 217: 343–362.
• Rehak, P. 1996. Aegean Breechcloths, Kilts, and the Keftiu Paintings. AJA 100: 35–51. S3IBAL: 84–86, 351–352 note 1.
• Strange, J. 1980. Caphtor/Keftiu: A New Investigation. (Acta Theologica Danica 14). Leiden: 21–28, 56–70.
• Wachsmann, S. 1987 Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 20. Leuven: 26–77, 103–129.

10. Sea Peoples’ Seafaring

GENERAL READING

• Redford, D.B., 1992. Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times. Princeton: 241-256.
• S3IBAL: 163-204, 343-344.

TOPIC 1: The Ships of the Sea Peoples at Medinet Habu

• Epigraphic Survey, 1930. Medinet Habu I: Earlier Historical Records of Ramses III. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
• Hoffmeier, J. K. 2018. A Possible Location in Northwest Sinai for the Sea and Land Battles between the Sea. Peoples and Ramesses III. BASOR 380: 1–25.
• Nelson, H.H. 1943. The Naval Battle Pictured at Medinet Habu. JNES 2: 40–45.
• Nelson, H.H. et al. 1930. Medinet Habu I: Earlier Historical Records of Ramses III. (UC,IOP VIII). Chicago: pls. 37, 39.
• Raban, A. 1989. The Medinet Habu Ships: Another Interpretation. IJNA 18: 163–171.
• S3IBAL: 163–174, 317–319.

TOPIC 2: The Ships of the Sea Peoples, Supplementary

• Artzy, M., 1997. Nomads of the Sea. In RM: 1-16.
• Astour, M.C., 1965. New Evidence of the Last Days of Ugarit. AJA 69: 253-258.
• Basch, L., 1997. Une représentation de navire de type égéen dans l ‘oasis de Dakhleh (Égypt) vers 1200 av. J.-C. In RM: 17-29.
• Keel, O., 1994. Philistine ‘Anchor’ Seals. IEJ 44: 21-35.
• Lenz, J. R., 1998. Homer ‘s nhysì koronísin. In S. Wachsmann, Seagoing Ships and Seamanship in the Bronze Age Levant. College Station and London: 199200.
• Millard, A., 1995. The Last Tablets of Ugarit. In: Le pays d‘Ougarit autour de 1200 av. J.-C.: Histoire et archéologie (Actes du colloque international, Paris 28 juin – 1 juillet 1993). Eds. M. Yon, M. Sznycer and P. Bordreuil. Paris: 119-124.
• MIMA: 66-69.
• S3IBAL: 175–197 (Bird heads protome), 201–204, 343–344.
• Wachsmann, S. 1997. Were the Sea Peoples Mycenaeans? The Evidence of Ship Iconography. In RM: 351–354.

11. THE GUROB SHIP-CART MODEL AND ITS MEDITERRANEAN CONTEXT

GENERAL READING 

• Garnett, A. A. 2019. From Gurob to the Getty: The Voyages of an Ancient Egyptian Ship–Cart Model. UCL Museums & Collections Blog (18 Jun 19): (https://blogs.ucl.ac.uk/museums/2019/06/18/from–gurob–to–the–getty–the– voyages–of–an–ancient–egyptian–ship–cart–model/).
• Wachsmann, S. 2013. The Gurob Ship–Cart Model and Its Mediterranean Context. College Station, Texas A&M University Press.
• Gurob Model Digital Supplement: https://www.vizin.org/Gurob/Gurob–as–exc.html

TOPIC 1: The Model & the Iconographic Evidence

The Model

• Gurob Model Digital Supplement: https://www.vizin.org/Gurob/Gurob–as–exc.html
• Gurob: 1–32 (Ch. 1. The Model), 207–208, 201–202 (Conclusions), (App. 1. Lines Drawings by A. Catsambis), 209–218 (App. 2. Building the Gurob Ship Cart in Virtual Reality by Donald Sandars), 239–242 (App. 5 Radiocarbon Age Analysis of the Gurob Ship–Cart Model), 243–247 (App. 6. Analysis of Pigments from the Ship–Cart Model), 249 (App. 7. Wood Identification).

The Iconographic Evidence

• Gurob: 33–84 (Ch. 2. The Iconographic Evidence), 219–224 (App. 3. Ship Colors in the Homeric Poems by Dan Davis).

TOPIC 2: Why Wheels? To Whom Did the Model Belong? And Conclusions 

• Gurob: 85–162 (Ch. 3. Wheels, Wagons and the Transport of Ships Overland), 163–199 (Foreigners at Gurob), 201–206(Conclusions)

13. NAVIGATION

GENERAL READING 

• S3IBAL: 295-301 (Navigation), 247-254 (Propulsion), 327-332, (particularly 330-331) (Conclusions.) 
• Davis, D. 2000. Navigation in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean. (M.A. thesis, Texas A&M University.)
• Davis, D. 2003. Sailing the Open Seas. Archaeology Odyssey 6(1): 20–23, 26–28, 61–62.
• Davis, D. 2009. Commercial Navigation in the Greek and Roman World. (PhD Dissertation, University of Texas at Austin.)

TOPIC 1: The Art of Navigation in the Ancient Mediterranean 

• Davis, D. 2000. Navigation in the Ancient Eastern Mediterranean. (M.A. thesis, Texas A&M University.)
• McGrail, S. 1996. Navigational Techniques in Homer’s Odyssey. Tropis 4: 311–320.
• Hornell, J. 1946. The Role of Birds in Early Navigation. Antiquity 20: 142–149.
• Weller, C.H. 1913. Athens and its Monuments. New York: 141–145 figs. 77–79.
• S3IBAL: 295–301 (Navigation), 247–254 (Propulsion), 327–332, (particularly 330–331) (Conclusions.)

TOPIC 2: Polynesian Navigation: The Ultimate in the Art of Navigation 

• Lewis, D. 1975. We, the Navigators. Honolulu.
• Goodenough, W.H. and S.D. Thomas, 1987. Traditional Navigation in the Western Pacific. Expedition 29/3: 3–14

15. REPORTS ON SEMINAR PAPERS

And write us about what you have heard to cause our hearts to be elated…
LRL 12 (Year 2 of Renaissance)

ADDITIONAL TOPICS

BRONZE AGE SHIPWRECKS

…copper is lost in a ship…
KTU 4.394

GENERAL READING 

• Bass, G. F., 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,n.s., 57: 8). Philadelphia.
• Bass, G.F., 1976. Sheytan Deresi: Preliminary Report IJNA 5: 293-303.
• Pulak, C.M., 1998.The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview. IJNA 27:188-224.
• S3IBAL: 205-212, 281-293.

THE CAPE GELIDONYA WRECK 

• Bass, G. F., 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society,n.s., 57: 8). Philadelphia.
• Bass, G.F., 1988. Return to Cape Gelidonya. INA Newsletter 15/2 (June): 2-5.
• Bass, G.F., 1990. Cape Gelidonya-Once More. INA Newsletter 16/4: 12-13.
• Brandl, B., 2001. The Cape Gelidonya Shipwreck Scarabs Reconsidered. In The 
• Synchronization of Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterranean in the Second Millennium B.C. II. (Proceedings of the SCIEM 2000 — EuroConference, Haindorf 2nd of May — 7th of May 2001). M. Bietak, ed. Wien, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften: 249261.
• Pulak, C., and E. Rodgers, 1994. The 1993-1994 Turkish Shipwreck Surveys. INA Quarterly 21/4: 17-21.

THE ULUBURUN WRECK 

• Bass, G.F., 1986. A Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Kas): 1984 Campaign. AJA 90: 269-296, pl. 17.
• Bass, G.F., 1987. Oldest Known Shipwreck Reveals Bronze Age Splendors. National Geographic 172: 693-733.
• Bass, G.F., C. Pulak, D. Collon and J. Weinstein, 1989. The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign. AJA 93: 1-29.
• Cline, E., 1994. Sailing the Wine Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. (Tempus Reparatum). Oxford: 100-105.
• Pulak, C., 1988. The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun, Turkey: 1985 Campaign. AJA 92: 1-37.
• Pulak, C., 1997. The Uluburun Shipwreck. In RM: 233-262.
• Pulak, C., 1998.The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview. IJNA 27:188-224.
• Pulak, C., 2000. The Copper and Tin Ingots from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun. In Metallurgica Antiqua: In Honour of Hans-Gert Bachmann and Robert Maddin. (Der Anschnitt. Beiheft 8). T. Rehren, A. Hauptmann and J. D. Muhly, eds. Bochum: 137-157.
• Pulak, C., 2000. The Balance Weights from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun. In Metals Make the World Go Round: The Supply and Circulation of Metals in Bronze Age Europe: Proceedings of a Conference Held at the University of Birmingham in June 1997. C. F. E. Pare, ed. Oxford, Oxbow: 247-266.
• Pulak, C., 2001. Cedar for Ships. Archaeology and History in Lebanon 14: 24-36.
• Pulak, C., 2001. The Cargo of the Uluburun Ship and Evidence for Trade with the Aegean and Beyond. In Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity 1500-450 BC. L. Bonfante and V. Karageorghis, eds. Nicosia13-60.
• Pulak, C., 2001. The Cargo of the Uluburun Ship and Evidence for Trade with the Aegean and Beyond. In Italy and Cyprus in Antiquity: 1500-450 BC, Proceedings of an International Symposium held at the Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America at Columbia University, November 1618, 2000. L. Bonfante, and V. Karageorghis, eds. Nicosia, Severis Foundation: 13-60.
• Pulak, C., 2005. Who Were the Mycenaeans Aboard the Uluburun Ship? In Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. (Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference/10e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Athens Italian School of Archaeology, 14-18 April 2004). I.) R. Laffineur and E. Greco, eds. Liège and Austin, University of Liège Histoire de l ‘art et archéologie de la Grèce antique and University of Austin Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory: 295-310, pls. LXXLXXI. 
• Pulak, C., 2005. Who Were the Mycenaeans Aboard the Uluburun Ship? In Emporia: Aegeans in the Central and Eastern Mediterranean. (Proceedings of the 10th International Aegean Conference/10e Rencontre égéenne internationale, Athens Italian School of Archaeology, 14-18 April 2004). I.) R. Laffineur and E. Greco, eds. Liège and Austin, University of Liège Histoire de l ‘art et archéologie de la Grèce antique and University of Austin Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory: 295-310, pls. LXXLXXI.
• Pulak, C., 2008. The Uluburun Shipwreck and Late Bronze Age Trade. In Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C. J. Aruz, K. Benzel and J. M. Evans, eds. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art: 288-305, artifact catalogue: 306-310, 313-321, 324-333, 336-348, 350-358, 366-370, 372-378, 382-385.
• S3IBAL: 206-208 (see notes for additional bibliography).

ON THE ROLES OF SYRO-CANAANITES AND MYCENAEANS AS SEA TRADERS

• Bass, G. F., 1967. Cape Gelidonya: A Bronze Age Shipwreck. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s. 57:8). Philadelphia: 72-78, 163-167.
• Bass, G. F., 1973. Cape Gelidonya and the Bronze Age Maritime Trade. AOAT 22: 29-38.
• Bass, G.F., 1997. Prolegomena to a Study of Maritime Traffic in Raw Materials to the Aegean During the Fourteenth and Thirteenth Centuries B.C. In: TEXNH: Craftsmen, Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age (Proceedings of the 6th International Aegean Conference 18-21-April 1996). Eds. R. Laffineur and P. Betancourt. Liege: 153-170.
• Bass, G. F., 1997. Beneath the Wine Dark Sea: Nautical Archaeology and Phoenicians of the Odyssey. In Greeks and Barbarians: Essays on the Interactions Between Greeks and Non-Greeks in Antiquity and the Consequences for Eurocentrism. J. E. Coleman and C. A. Walz, eds. Bethseda: 71-101.
• Cline, E., 1994. Sailing the Wine Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean. (Tempus Reparatum). Oxford: 91-93.
• Cline, E., 1995. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Sailor: Minoans and Mycenaeans Abroad. In: Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Eds. R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier. Aegaeum 12: 265-283 (& 284-287 discussion).
• Kemp, B.J., and R.S. Merrillees, 1980. Minoan Pottery in Second Millennium Egypt. Mainz am Rhein: 268-286.
• Knapp, A.B., 1993. Thalassocracies in Bronze Age Trade: Making and Breaking a Myth. WA 24: 332-347.
• Muhly, J.D., 1970. Homer and the Phoenicians. Berytus 19: 19-64.
• Muhly, J. D., 1991. Egypt, the Aegean and Late Bronze Age Chronology in the Eastern Mediterranean: A Review Article. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 4: 235-247, 256-262.
• Negbi, O., 1976. Canaanite Gods in Metal: An Archaeological Study of Ancient SyroPalestinian Figurines. Tel Aviv: 37-41, 168-169, pls. 28, 30, 51.
• S3IBAL: 39-40, 154-155.
• Wachsmann, S., 1987. Aegeans in the Theban Tombs. (OLA 20). Leuven: 105-115.

OTHER BRONZE AGE WRECK SITES 
Dokos 

• Papathanasopolous, G., Y. Vichos, E. Hadzidaki, and Y. Lolos, 1992. Dokos: 1990 Campaign. Enalia Annual2(1990): 6-23.
• Papathanasopolous, G., Y. Vichos and Y. Lolos, 1995. Dokos: 1991 Campaign. Enalia Annual 3(1991): 17-37.

Sheytan Deresi 

• Bass, G.F., 1976. Sheytan Deresi: Preliminary Report IJNA 5: 293-303.
• Catsambis, A., 2008. The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Sheytan Deresi. (MA Thesis, Texas A&M University.)
• Margariti, R. E., 1998. The Seytan Deresi Wreck and the Minoan Connection in the Eastern Aegean. (M.A., Texas A&M University.)

Cape Iria 

• Lolos, Y., 1995. The 1991 Underwater Survey of the Late Bronze Age Wreck at Point Iria: Part II: The Pottery. Enalia Annual 3(1991): 9-16.
• Lolos, Y.G., 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1992): II. The Pottery. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 5-6.
• Lolos, Y.G., 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1993): III. The Pottery. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 2131.
• Pennas, C. and Y. Vichos, 1995. The 1991 Underwater Survey of the Late Bronze Age Wreck at Point Iria: Part I: The Underwater Survey. Enalia Annual 3(1991): 4-9.
• Pennas, H., 1992. Point Iria Wreck. Enalia Annual 2(1990): 39-41.
• Pennas, H., and Y. Vichos, 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1992): I. Exploratory Survey. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 4.
• Pennas, H., and Y. Vichos, 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1993): I. Excavation and Results. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 6-17.
• Phelps, W., Y. Lolos and Y. Vichos, eds. 1999. The Point Iria Wreck: Interconnections in the Mediterranean ca. 1200 BC. (Proceedings of the International Conference, Island of Spetses, 19 September 1998). Athens.
• Vichos, Y., 1996. Point Iria Wreck (1993): I. The Stone Anchors. Enalia Annual 4(1996): 17-20.
• Vichos, Y., and Y. Lolos, 1997. The Cypro-Mycenaean Wreck at Point Iria in the Argolic Gulf: First Thoughts on the Origin and the Nature of the Vessel. In RM: 321-337.

Israel 

• Galili, E., N. Shmueli and M. Artzy, 1986. Bronze Age Cargo of Copper and Tin. IJNA 15: 25-37.
• Misch-Brandl, O., E. Galili, and S. Wachsmann, 1985. Finds from the Late Canaanite (Bronze) Period. In: From the Depths of the Sea. (Israel Museum Catalogue 63, summer 1985): 7-11, pls. 1-7.
• Wachsmann, S., and K. Raveh, 1984. Concerning a Lead Ingot Fragment from haHotrim, Israel. IJNA 13: 169-176, 340.